12月資訊熱詞匯總
12月,中央八項規定出臺五周年,中紀委推出主題表情包。北京城管部門開展“亮出天際線”行動,違規廣告牌被拆。《反間諜法實施細則》發布,習近平主席強調國家大數據戰略,我國放寬中醫診所開辦標準,生態環境損害賠償制度明年起全國實施。我國研發的全世界最大的水陸兩棲飛機“鯤龍”AG600成功首飛,國內首個自動駕駛車輛道路測試實施細則在北京發布。
八項規定表情包 a set of animated gifs on the eight-point frugality code
The CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) released a set of animated gifs on the eight-point frugality code to mark the fifth anniversary of the code's release on Sunday.
中央八項規定實施五周年之際,中紀委于12月3日發布了以八項規定為主題的一組動圖表情包。
The gifs are intended to explain the code to the public in a way catering to popular taste, and close the distance between the people and the authority, said CCDI in a statement.
中紀委在一份聲明中表示,這些動圖旨在用大眾喜聞樂見的方式宣傳八項規定,拉近大眾與紀檢監察機關的距離。
2024年12月4日,中共中央政治局召開會議,審議并通過了中央政治局關于改進工作作風、密切聯系群眾的八項規定(eight-point code to cut bureaucracy and maintain close ties with the people)。八項規定的主要內容包括:改進調查研究、精簡會議活動(reduce meetings and celebratory events)、精簡文件簡報(reduce issuance of documents and briefings)、規范出訪活動、改進警衛工作,改進資訊報道(media coverage)、嚴格文稿發表(publication under an individual's name)以及厲行節約(practice frugality)。
天際線 skyline
The Beijing city management authority is limiting the number and placement of signs on buildings in order to "create an urban skyline that is visually clear and bright", and strengthen urban management.
北京城管部門正在開展限制建筑物廣告牌匾的數量和投放的治理行動,以“打造亮麗城市天際線”,并加強城市管理。
Skyline在英文中的解釋是“the outline of a group of buildings or a mountain range seen against the sky(建筑群或者山脈在天空映襯下展現出來的輪廓景觀)”,中文通常稱之為“天際線”,這也是城市景觀(urban landscape)的重要組成部分。
2024年9月出臺的《北京市牌匾標識設置管理規范(修訂版)》明確規定,樓頂禁止設置牌匾、標識、廣告等,已有的也要進行清理拆除(all signs and billboards attached to roofs must be removed),核心城區、長安街沿線、二三四環沿線是重點。
紅船精神 Red Boat Spirit
General Secretary Xi Jinping's instructions on carrying forward revolutionary spirit such as that embodied in "Red Boat Spirit" should be implemented earnestly amid the Party's efforts to strive toward fulfilling the goals set at the 19th CPC National Congress, said Wang Huning, a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, on Monday.
中共中央政治局常委王滬寧4日強調,要認真貫徹習近平總書記關于弘揚"紅船精神"等革命精神的重要指示,為實現黨的十九大提出的任務不懈努力。
弘揚"紅船精神(Red Boat Spirit)"座談會4日在浙江嘉興召開。中共中央政治局常委、中央書記處書記王滬寧出席會議并講話。他表示,習近平總書記提出并闡釋了"紅船精神"的深刻內涵和時代價值(mention the idea of Red Boat Spirit and elaborate on its meaning and value),并在瞻仰南湖紅船時強調要結合時代特點大力弘揚"紅船精神"。
王滬寧表示,"紅船精神"是中國革命精神之源(the origin of China's revolutionary spirit),昭示著中國共產黨人的初心(it reflects the original aspirations of the CPC members)。它所承載的首創精神、奮斗精神、奉獻精神,是激勵我們黨頑強奮斗、不斷發展壯大的精神動力(a symbol of creativity, hard work and devotion, it is the spiritual power that encourages the Party to keep working hard and developing),是我們黨立黨興黨、執政興國的寶貴精神財富(valuable spiritual wealth),也是新時代堅持和發展中國特色社會主義的堅強精神支撐(the strong spiritual support for the Party to uphold and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics)。要深化對"紅船精神"等革命精神的學習宣傳,加強理論研究闡釋(enhance theoretical research and elaboration),加大宣傳力度,開展形式多樣的教育實踐,引導人們積極投身新時代中國特色社會主義偉大實踐(engage in the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era)。
1921年7月30日晚,在上海召開的中共一大(the first CPC National Congress)因遭到法租界(French concession area)巡捕襲擾,被迫轉移到嘉興南湖(Nanhu Lake)的一條小船上繼續進行,在這里完成了大會議程,宣告中國共產黨成立(the founding of the Party),中國的歷史開啟了全新的篇章。
反間諜法 Counterespionage Law
On Wednesday, the State Council issued a document for the implementation of China's Counterespionage Law.
國務院6日發布《反間諜法實施細則》。
《反間諜法》于2024年11月頒布實施,是我國為了防范對國家安全的威脅(guard against perceived threats to national security)而實施的一部法律。根據這部法律,國家安全機關在執行反間諜任務(carry out counterespionage duties)時擁有廣泛權力,包括可以調查任何涉嫌間諜行為的個人或組織(investigate any individual or organization suspected of espionage),凍結或沒收任何與間諜行為有關的財物(freeze or seize any property linked to acts of espionage)。
國務院6日發布了該法律的實施細則(detailed rules for the implementation of the law)。根據細則,被認為入境后可能進行危害國家安全活動(be likely to engage in activities that might endanger national security)的境外個人,國家安全機關可以決定其在一定時期內不得入境。對涉嫌間諜行為的人員(individuals suspected of espionage),國家安全機關可以決定其在一定期限內不得出境。對違反反間諜法(violate the counter-espionage law)的境外個人,國家安全機關可以決定將其驅逐出境。
根據細則,國家安全機關依法執行反間諜工作任務時,對發現身份不明、有危害國家安全行為的嫌疑人員,可以檢查其隨帶物品(check the personal belongings)。需嚴厲對待的行為定義也擴大了,例如利用宗教或邪教危害國家安全(use religion or cults to harm national security)。捏造、歪曲事實(fabricate or distort facts),發表、散布危害國家安全的信息(issue information that harms China's national security)的境內外組織、個人要受到懲罰。
國家大數據戰略 national big data strategy
Implementing the national big data strategy to better serve social and economic development and improve people's lives should be accelerated, President Xi Jinping said at a key meeting. Xi, also general secretary of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, made the remark at a collective study session of the CPC Central Committee's Political Bureau on Friday.
中共中央總書記、國家主席習近平12月8日主持中共中央政治局集體學習時強調,要推動實施國家大數據戰略,更好服務我國經濟社會發展和人民生活改善。
大數據(big data)指規模巨大且復雜,用現有的數據處理工具(on-hand database management tools)難以獲取(capture)、整理( curate)、管理( manage)以及處理(process)的數據信息統稱。大數據的特點可以總結為4V:volume(大量)、velocity(高速)、variety(多變)、veracity(準確)。
習近平在講話時指出:
我們要瞄準世界科技前沿,集中優勢資源突破大數據核心技術,加快構建自主可控的大數據產業鏈、價值鏈和生態系統。
We should target cutting-edge technology and mobilize prime resources to make breakthroughs in developing core big data technology, and accelerate building an independent and controllable industrial chain, value chain and eco-system of big data.
建設現代化經濟體系離不開大數據發展和應用。
Research on and use of big data is indispensable in building a modern economy.
推動互聯網、大數據、人工智能同實體經濟深度融合,繼續做好信息化和工業化深度融合這篇大文章。
The internet, big data and Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the real economy should be interconnected. Industrialization and the use of information should be integrated deeper.
要運用大數據促進保障和改善民生。
Better use big data to guarantee and improve people's wellbeing
推進“互聯網+教育”、“互聯網+醫療”、“互聯網+文化”等,不斷提升公共服務均等化、普惠化、便捷化水平。
The advancement of "Internet plus education," "Internet plus medical treatment" and "Internet plus culture" to further ensure citizens' equitable access to public services.
要加強精準扶貧、生態環境領域的大數據運用。
Big data should be used extensively in implementing targeted poverty reduction and environmental protection
強化國家關鍵數據資源保護能力,加快法規制度建設,完善數據產權保護制度。
Strengthen the ability to protect the nation's crucial data resources, speed up relevant legislation, and improve protection of data property rights.
要加大對技術專利、數字版權、數字內容產品及個人隱私等的保護力度,維護廣大人民群眾利益、社會穩定、國家安全。
Protection of technical patents, digital copyrights and individual privacy should be enhanced to safeguard people's interests, social stability and national security.
善于獲取數據、分析數據、運用數據,是領導干部做好工作的基本功。
The ability to obtain, analyze and use data is the basic skill for leading officials to perform their duty.
中醫診所 TCM clinics
China has relaxed standards for setting up traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) clinics, according to documents released by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SATCM) Monday.
國家中醫藥管理局11日發布文件,我國將放寬開設中醫診所的標準。
此次印發的診所標準分為兩類:一類是在中醫藥理論指導下,運用中藥(traditional Chinese medicine)和針灸(acupuncture)、拔罐(cupping)、推拿(massage)等非藥物療法開展診療服務,以及中藥調劑(TCM prescription)、湯劑(TCM herbal soup)煎煮等中藥藥事服務的診所,中醫藥治療率達100%。該類診所采用備案制管理,適用《中醫診所基本標準》。另一類是提供中西兩法服務和不符合 《中醫診所備案管理暫行辦法》規定的服務范圍或者存在不可控的醫療安全風險的中醫(綜合)診所(combination of TCM and western medicine),適用《中醫(綜合)診所基本標準》。
根據《中醫診所基本標準》,設置傳統純中醫診所,需要至少有1名滿足相應要求的執業醫師(qualified practioner);開展中藥飲片調劑活動的,至少有1名具備資質的中藥技術人員(technical personnel of TCM)。新標準不再對中藥房飲片品種(types of prepared herbal medicine)、診室面積(consulting room area)等設定具體數字門檻,但增加了感染控制(infection control)的內容,要求診所制定感染控制制度和流程,中醫藥技術操作符合中醫醫療技術相關性感染預防與控制等有關規定。
根據《中醫(綜合)診所基本標準》,中醫(綜合)診所仍應以提供中醫藥門診診斷和治療為主(prioritize TCM),中醫藥治療率不低于85%。并設置診所建筑面積不少于40平方米(the clinic should cover a total of more than 40 square meters )、衛生技術人員人均面積不少于10平方米(provide at least 10 square meters per practitioner on average)、每室(含中藥存放、調劑區)不少于10平方米等具體條件。
3D打印 3D printing
The government expects the 3D printing industry to maintain an annual growth rate of more than 30 percent in the coming years and its revenue to top 20 billion yuan (around $3 billion) in 2024, according to guidelines released Wednesday by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) and 11 other agencies.
工業和信息化部等12部門聯合制定的行動計劃提出,到2024年,我國3D打印產業年銷售收入超過200億元,年均增速在30%以上。
“3D打印”(3D printing)的專業名稱為增材制造(additive manufacturing,AM),是以數字模型為基礎,將材料逐層堆積制造出實體物品的新興制造技術(a new technology that adds material together to create a real object)。增材制造產業是先進制造業(advanced manufacuring)的重要組成部分。
計劃提出,到2024年開展100個以上試點示范項目(more than 100 pilot programs),推動增材制造在10個重點制造業領域(10 key manufacturing sectors)的示范應用,加快培育一批創新能力突出、特色鮮明的示范企業和產業集聚區,推動增材制造在航空、航天、船舶、汽車、醫療、文化、教育等領域實現規模化應用。關鍵核心技術達到國際同步發展水平(homegrown core technology will reach international levels),培育2-3家以上具有較強國際競爭力的龍頭企業( foster two or three domestic firms able to take on global rivals with their products recognized in overseas markets),在部分領域實現規模化應用,國際發展能力明顯提升。
生態環境損害賠償 ecological and environmental damage compensation
中共中央辦公廳、國務院辦公廳近日印發了《生態環境損害賠償制度改革方案》,自2024年1月1日起,在全國試行生態環境損害賠償制度。
By 2024, China aims to establish an efficient comprehensive damage compensation system to protect and improve the country's ecosystem.
到2024年,力爭在全國范圍內構建保障有力、修復有效的生態環境損害賠償制度。
該方案中所稱生態環境損害(ecological and environmental damage),是指因污染環境、破壞生態(environmental pollution and ecological damage)造成大氣、地表水、地下水、土壤、森林等環境要素和植物、動物、微生物等生物要素的不利改變(unfavorable changes of environmental elements such as air, surface water, underground water, soil and forest, as well as biological elements such as plants, animals and microbes),以及上述要素構成的生態系統功能退化(functional deterioration of ecosystem)。
方案規定,違反法律法規,造成生態環境損害的單位或個人(individuals or companies that cause environmental damage),應當承擔生態環境損害賠償責任,做到應賠盡賠;生態環境損害無法修復的(if the damages are beyond restoration),實施貨幣賠償(monetary compensation),用于替代修復。省級、市地級政府可指定相關部門或機構負責生態環境損害賠償具體工作(the process will be managed by institutions designated by provincial or municipal governments)。跨省域的生態環境損害(trans-provincial ecological damage),由生態環境損害地的相關省級政府協商開展生態環境損害賠償工作。
自動駕駛車輛 autonomous vehicle
China's first guideline on road tests of autonomous vehicles was released on Monday by local authorities in Beijing, signaling the country's determination to accelerate the development of the technology.
北京市交通管理部門18日發布了國內首個自動駕駛車輛道路測試實施細則,表明了我國加速發展自動駕駛汽車技術的決心。
“自動駕駛車輛”(autonomous vehicle/self-driving vehicle),又稱無人駕駛汽車或電腦駕駛汽車,是通過電腦系統操控實現無人駕駛的智能汽車。自動駕駛汽車依靠人工智能(artificial intelligence)、視覺計算(visual computing)、雷達(radar)、監控裝置(monitoring devices)和全球定位系統(GPS)協同合作,讓電腦可以在沒有任何人類主動的操作下,自動安全地操作機動車輛。
細則規定,在中國境內注冊的獨立法人單位(independent entities registered in China),可申請自動駕駛車輛臨時上路行駛。自動駕駛車輛須具備自動、人工兩種駕駛模式(self-driving and conventional driving modes),可在兩種模式間隨時切換。為保證安全,測試車輛在上路測試前,必須在自動駕駛封閉測試場進行過不少于規定里程與規定測試環境的測試(finish tests with certain mileage at the designated training ground),測試結果經專家評審認定,具備條件才允許上路測試。