2023考研英語閱讀HIV and AIDS
HIV and AIDS
人體免疫缺陷病毒和獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征
Till death do us part
直到死神將我們分開
Putting numbers on infidelity
細數出軌之罪
ONE of the problems of dealing with a sexually transmitted disease, such as AIDS, is thatpeople routinely lie about their indulgence in the sorts of behaviours which pass it on.
談到性病，比如艾滋病，難題之一便是人們通常會隱瞞自己的縱欲史，而這恰恰是導致染病的原因。
That makes knowing where to put your effort harder than it need be.
我們此刻恍然大悟，夫妻之間想要保證忠誠應該花更大力氣。
And in no area do people lie morethan on the question of infidelity.
而且，在對婚姻不忠這個問題上，人們撒的謊比其它地方撒的謊都多。
The naive outsider might be forgiven for thinking that infidelity was likely to be animportant way that HIV, the virus which causes AIDS, is spread. Until now, however, thatwas mere supposition.
如果圍城之外的人們天真的認為艾滋病毒擴散的主要傳播途徑可能與婚外偷腥有關，那么我們可以原諒他們。當然，現在看來那也僅僅是猜測罷了。
Steven Bellan of the University of Texas at Austin has changed this, with a paper in theLancet.
德州大學奧斯丁分校的史蒂夫貝蘭博士發表在《柳葉刀》上一篇論文，研究成果代替了猜測。
Using data likely to be more reliable than answers to the question:
數據示人可能會比結論對問題的方式更容易取信于人：
have you been cheating on your wife/husband?
你對自己的妻子或丈夫撒過謊嗎?
he and his colleagues have worked out how much HIV infection is caused by adultery.
他與同事的研究成果顯示了究竟多少例艾滋感染是由婚外偷腥造成的。
The answer, as might be expected, is a lot.
答案猜也能猜得到：非常多。
Dr Bellan and his colleagues reached this conclusion from a survey of 27,000 married orcohabiting couples in 18 African countries.
面對來自非洲18個國家2.7萬接受調查的配偶，
The survey looked at who in these couples was infected, how long the couple had livedtogether, and the age at which each member of each couple first became sexually active.
或者是同居男女，貝蘭博士和同事們將調查范圍縮小在三個問題上：兩個人中誰是感染者、同居或者已婚多久以及每一對之中首先成為性欲亢進的一方的年齡。
Most people do not routinely lie about these things, except for age of first sexual encounter.
如果不是第一次性行為，一般情況下大多數人不會對這三個問題有所隱瞞。
The researchers took account of that by showing that claims as much as a year at variancewith the truth would make little difference to the outcome.
研究者們考慮到了這一點，指出對事實的陳述的差異如果在一年之內對結果無太大影響。
Dr Bellan plugged the results into a mathematical model that also takes account of HIV sprevalence in a country and how long people there live once they have been infected.
依據艾滋病在一個國家的傳播程度和染病后人們的壽命時長，貝蘭博士利用數學模型將其展現出來。
This let him estimate what proportion of HIV infections had come about by one or othermember of a couple having been unfaithful, as opposed to having been infected before thecouple got together, or having caught the virus from a partner so infected.
這樣他就可以在相較于二人結婚之前一方染病或者結婚之后攜帶病毒的一方傳染另一方的情況下，估算出由于無論是由于男方還是女方對婚姻不忠而導致感染艾滋病的比例。
The answer was between 27% and 61% for men and between 21% and 51% for women.
男性出軌染病幾率為27%-61%，女性則相對較低21%-51%。
What can be done about that is a different question.
面對這樣的結果，我們能做些什么?
Early in the AIDS epidemic, the virus was spread by what might be termed long-distanceinfidelity.
這又是一個難題。艾滋病流行早期，病毒傳播途徑被稱為長距離婚姻不忠行為：
Lorry drivers and migrant miners, lonely and far from home, were the vectors.
離鄉寂寞的貨車司機和礦井農民是攜帶病毒的主要人群。
Those groups, however, could be made the target of campaigns designed to ask them tothink about what they were up to, and to be more careful about it.
針對這些人群，我們應當策劃出一些活動項目來提醒他們：你們這樣做意義何在?即使寂寞難忍，也要注意防護措施。
What Dr Bellan has uncovered looks more quotidianand thus much harder to deal with.
貝蘭博士研究沒有涉及的地方更為人司空見慣，因此處理起來也就更加棘手。
詞語解釋
1.such as 像， 例如;譬如
Such as, this is a wonderful film.
例如，這是一出美好的電影。
What about future steps such as euro bonds?
諸如歐元聯盟之類的未來計劃怎樣?
2.likely to 可能
Other banks are likely to face similar pressure.
其他銀行很可能面臨著類似的壓力。
He is likely to name a middle east peace envoy soon.
他有可能很快命令一名中東和平特使。
3.answer to 應答,適應,符合
The answer to the first is clear.
第一個問題的答案十分清楚。
There is a one-word answer to such questions: china.
用一個詞就能回答這些問題：中國。
4.take account 考慮到
Russia s next president should take account of such shifts.
俄羅斯的下一任總統應當考慮到此類轉變。
That wrong economic theory fails to take account of how the animal spirits affect economicbehaviour.
這一錯誤的經濟理論沒有考慮到動物精神是如何影響經濟行為的。
HIV and AIDS
人體免疫缺陷病毒和獲得性免疫缺陷綜合征
Till death do us part
直到死神將我們分開
Putting numbers on infidelity
細數出軌之罪
ONE of the problems of dealing with a sexually transmitted disease, such as AIDS, is thatpeople routinely lie about their indulgence in the sorts of behaviours which pass it on.
談到性病，比如艾滋病，難題之一便是人們通常會隱瞞自己的縱欲史，而這恰恰是導致染病的原因。
That makes knowing where to put your effort harder than it need be.
我們此刻恍然大悟，夫妻之間想要保證忠誠應該花更大力氣。
And in no area do people lie morethan on the question of infidelity.
而且，在對婚姻不忠這個問題上，人們撒的謊比其它地方撒的謊都多。
The naive outsider might be forgiven for thinking that infidelity was likely to be animportant way that HIV, the virus which causes AIDS, is spread. Until now, however, thatwas mere supposition.
如果圍城之外的人們天真的認為艾滋病毒擴散的主要傳播途徑可能與婚外偷腥有關，那么我們可以原諒他們。當然，現在看來那也僅僅是猜測罷了。
Steven Bellan of the University of Texas at Austin has changed this, with a paper in theLancet.
德州大學奧斯丁分校的史蒂夫貝蘭博士發表在《柳葉刀》上一篇論文，研究成果代替了猜測。
Using data likely to be more reliable than answers to the question:
數據示人可能會比結論對問題的方式更容易取信于人：
have you been cheating on your wife/husband?
你對自己的妻子或丈夫撒過謊嗎?
he and his colleagues have worked out how much HIV infection is caused by adultery.
他與同事的研究成果顯示了究竟多少例艾滋感染是由婚外偷腥造成的。
The answer, as might be expected, is a lot.
答案猜也能猜得到：非常多。
Dr Bellan and his colleagues reached this conclusion from a survey of 27,000 married orcohabiting couples in 18 African countries.
面對來自非洲18個國家2.7萬接受調查的配偶，
The survey looked at who in these couples was infected, how long the couple had livedtogether, and the age at which each member of each couple first became sexually active.
或者是同居男女，貝蘭博士和同事們將調查范圍縮小在三個問題上：兩個人中誰是感染者、同居或者已婚多久以及每一對之中首先成為性欲亢進的一方的年齡。
Most people do not routinely lie about these things, except for age of first sexual encounter.
如果不是第一次性行為，一般情況下大多數人不會對這三個問題有所隱瞞。
The researchers took account of that by showing that claims as much as a year at variancewith the truth would make little difference to the outcome.
研究者們考慮到了這一點，指出對事實的陳述的差異如果在一年之內對結果無太大影響。
Dr Bellan plugged the results into a mathematical model that also takes account of HIV sprevalence in a country and how long people there live once they have been infected.
依據艾滋病在一個國家的傳播程度和染病后人們的壽命時長，貝蘭博士利用數學模型將其展現出來。
This let him estimate what proportion of HIV infections had come about by one or othermember of a couple having been unfaithful, as opposed to having been infected before thecouple got together, or having caught the virus from a partner so infected.
這樣他就可以在相較于二人結婚之前一方染病或者結婚之后攜帶病毒的一方傳染另一方的情況下，估算出由于無論是由于男方還是女方對婚姻不忠而導致感染艾滋病的比例。
The answer was between 27% and 61% for men and between 21% and 51% for women.
男性出軌染病幾率為27%-61%，女性則相對較低21%-51%。
What can be done about that is a different question.
面對這樣的結果，我們能做些什么?
Early in the AIDS epidemic, the virus was spread by what might be termed long-distanceinfidelity.
這又是一個難題。艾滋病流行早期，病毒傳播途徑被稱為長距離婚姻不忠行為：
Lorry drivers and migrant miners, lonely and far from home, were the vectors.
離鄉寂寞的貨車司機和礦井農民是攜帶病毒的主要人群。
Those groups, however, could be made the target of campaigns designed to ask them tothink about what they were up to, and to be more careful about it.
針對這些人群，我們應當策劃出一些活動項目來提醒他們：你們這樣做意義何在?即使寂寞難忍，也要注意防護措施。
What Dr Bellan has uncovered looks more quotidianand thus much harder to deal with.
貝蘭博士研究沒有涉及的地方更為人司空見慣，因此處理起來也就更加棘手。
詞語解釋
1.such as 像， 例如;譬如
Such as, this is a wonderful film.
例如，這是一出美好的電影。
What about future steps such as euro bonds?
諸如歐元聯盟之類的未來計劃怎樣?
2.likely to 可能
Other banks are likely to face similar pressure.
其他銀行很可能面臨著類似的壓力。
He is likely to name a middle east peace envoy soon.
他有可能很快命令一名中東和平特使。
3.answer to 應答,適應,符合
The answer to the first is clear.
第一個問題的答案十分清楚。
There is a one-word answer to such questions: china.
用一個詞就能回答這些問題：中國。
4.take account 考慮到
Russia s next president should take account of such shifts.
俄羅斯的下一任總統應當考慮到此類轉變。
That wrong economic theory fails to take account of how the animal spirits affect economicbehaviour.
這一錯誤的經濟理論沒有考慮到動物精神是如何影響經濟行為的。
