如何推理和判斷
在閱讀中, 人們首先理解的是語(yǔ)言的字面意義。然而, 語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容常常超過其字面意義。這就需要我們掌握邏輯判斷和推理的方法, 根據(jù)事物發(fā)展的自然規(guī)律以及語(yǔ)言本身的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系, 從一定的文字符號(hào)中獲得盡可能多的信息。
有時(shí), 作者在文中并未把需要讀者理解的所有意思直接表達(dá)出來(lái), 而是期待讀者能領(lǐng)語(yǔ)文章的內(nèi)在含義, 即從字里行間來(lái)體會(huì)他想表達(dá)的意思。由于有的意思文中沒有直接說(shuō)明, 讀者必須根據(jù)文中所陳述內(nèi)容的邏輯發(fā)展, 上下文的聯(lián)貫以及文中有關(guān)部分的暗示, 作出判斷或進(jìn)行推理。
在閱讀中, 判斷和推理的能力是十分重要的。只有具備這種能力, 才有可能真正地弄懂文章中語(yǔ)言上沒有明確表達(dá)卻又隱含的意思, 達(dá)到真正的理解。
一、判斷
在閱讀中，有時(shí)要求我們對(duì)文章中闡述的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié), 按照邏輯發(fā)展的規(guī)律, 進(jìn)行分析和概括, 并以此為依據(jù)得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。我們將這個(gè)過程稱作判斷。
例1： The male and female mosquitoes make an odd couple. The female is vampire and lives on blood. The male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juices. Females of different species choose different hosts on which to dine. Some feed exclusively on cattle, horses, birds, and other warm-blooded creatures. Some favor cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man.
While the females menu varies, her bite remains the same. She drives her sharp tubular snout through the skin, injects a fluid to keep the blood from thickening, and drinks her fill, which takes a minute or less. It is the fluid she injects that carries disease. After her blood meal, she rests while her eggs develop. She then looks for a moist or flooded place to lay them
根據(jù)文中the male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juice.我們可以得出結(jié)論：雄蚊相對(duì)地說(shuō)對(duì)人類無(wú)害。根據(jù)文中The female is a vampire and lives on blood. Some feed on ...warm-blooded creatures. Some favour cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man.我們可以得出結(jié)論：雌蚊對(duì)多數(shù)動(dòng)物構(gòu)成威脅。縱觀全文, 我們可以得出結(jié)論：蚊子應(yīng)該被消滅。
二、推理
推理就是以已知的事實(shí)為依據(jù), 來(lái)獲得未知的信息。在閱讀中, 我們要善于利用文章中明確表示的內(nèi)容, 進(jìn)行正確的推理, 以挖掘作者的隱含意思; 要求進(jìn)行推理的問題, 在文中均找不到直接答案。如果問題要求理解某句或某段的含蓄意義, 我們必須在文中找到所涉及的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ), 仔細(xì)閱讀一至兩遍, 吃透意思, 并以此為根據(jù), 進(jìn)行分析和推理。然后, 再逐個(gè)考慮選擇項(xiàng), 選出答案。如果需要進(jìn)行推理判斷的內(nèi)容涉及全文, 則必須在理解通篇中心思想、掌握全文邏輯發(fā)展過程的基礎(chǔ)上, 才能進(jìn)行正確的推理判斷接
例2： Like other opinions about the situation, Burkes predictably, and sensibly, forecasts a rise in unemployment among the young.
從此句我們可以看出：1)說(shuō)話者同意Burke的關(guān)于年輕人失業(yè)現(xiàn)象要增多的看法(根據(jù)predictably, and sensibly);2)Burke不是唯一持這種看法的人(根據(jù)like other opinions...)。
例3：Directions: Read the following passage and choose the statement which can definitely be inferred
In 1980, Canada announced strict additional limits on ownership of energy companies by foreign institutions and individuals. Since these may no longer own more than 50 percent of such companies, sources of capital for these corporations are now sharply restricted.
A) Before 1980, foreigners were allowed to own a majority of shares in Canadian energy companies.
B) Canadas 1980 limitations on energy-company ownership have caused some problems for these enterprises.
C) After 1980, foreigners may not own a majority share in a Canadian company.
D) Before 1980, there were no limitations of foreign individuals owning Canadian energy companies.
選擇項(xiàng)A符合題意, 因?yàn)槲闹姓劦竭@一限制是1980年宣布的, 據(jù)此可以推斷1980年前尚無(wú)此規(guī)定。選擇項(xiàng)B也符合題意, 因文中談到這些企業(yè)資金來(lái)源將受到限制, 據(jù)此可以推斷該限制將會(huì)給這些企業(yè)帶來(lái)問題。C項(xiàng)不符合題意, 因文中指的是energy companies, 而不是所有的公司。D項(xiàng)也不符合題意, 因?yàn)槲闹姓劦?980年宣布的是jieadditional limits, 據(jù)此可以推斷在此以前已有其它限制。
三、預(yù)測(cè)
根據(jù)上文中已出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言信息, 預(yù)測(cè)下文即將出現(xiàn)的信息, 這也是我們必須掌握的一項(xiàng)閱讀技能。例如, 當(dāng)我們讀到Though progress on the subway has not actually stopped. . . 。我們根據(jù)Though所引出的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的意義, 應(yīng)能推測(cè)到Something is wrong with the project. ; 同時(shí)從not actually中推測(cè)到progress on the subject has almost stopped. 據(jù)此預(yù)測(cè), 下文可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)it is likely that the completion of the project will be delayed , 卻不可能出現(xiàn)the project will be completed ahead of time 。
若下文與預(yù)測(cè)一致或基本一致, 則證明自己對(duì)上文理解正確, 可以繼續(xù)閱讀; 若不一致, 則說(shuō)明對(duì)已讀信息的理解有偏差, 或這里有特殊含義, 需要調(diào)整自己的思路, 或應(yīng)給予特別的注意。
通常, 我們可以借助于語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、常用句型進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè); 通過標(biāo)題或主題句進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè); 結(jié)合自己的背景知識(shí)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè); 根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志的提示詞或者連接上下文的承接手段來(lái)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)等等。
同樣, 我們也可根據(jù)所給的某一段文章的內(nèi)容, 來(lái)推測(cè)上文討論的是什么話題, 或已經(jīng)談到過什么事情。以 Though progress on the subway has not actually stopped, it is likely that the comp1etion of the project will be delayed.為例。根據(jù)該句所提供的信息, 我們可以推測(cè)到上文討論的內(nèi)容可能是Strikes have severely hampered the project.; 而不可能是 The boss has promised to give his men a pay rise.
例5：
We can infer from the passage that _____
A) English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flats.
B) People in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flats.
C) People in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flats
D) Modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living
本題考核學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推斷的能力。文章中說(shuō)英國(guó)人在住房間題上與當(dāng)今世界上許多國(guó)家的居民有著不同的看法, 他們反對(duì)住高層公寓, 文章中還列舉了許多理由說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn), 而且指出這種習(xí)慣很難改變。既然英國(guó)人與許多國(guó)家的居民不同, 反對(duì)住高層公寓, 那么世界上許多國(guó)家的居民便是不反對(duì)住高層公寓, 因此正確的答案是選項(xiàng)B。可是只有大約26%的考生答對(duì)了本題,大部分人只注意個(gè)別句子的意思, 未能理解文章中隱含的意義。
四. 練習(xí)
The word conservationhas a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourse1ves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had this foo1ish idea that the treasures were 1imitlessand inexbaustible. Most of the citizens or earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a 1iving body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or 1ater be harmful to a11 the others.
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the schoo1 work; scientific forestry was a new idea：timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river f1oods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper 1and use; even the word conservation had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyonesdaily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and river must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of mans fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
Question: It can be inferred from the third paragraph that earlier generations didnt realize _____.
A ) the interdependence of water, soil and living things
B) the importance of the proper use of land
C) the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floods
D) the value of the beauty of nature
這個(gè)問題的答案是A。在文章中并不能找到the interdependence of water, soil and living things。我們?cè)诘谝欢慰梢哉业竭@樣一個(gè)句子：
Most of the citizens or earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a 1iving body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or 1ater be harmful to a11 the others.
由此我們可以看出答案是A。
在閱讀理解測(cè)試中, 要求進(jìn)行判斷和推理的問題, 通常有以下幾種形式：
1. The writer implies that _______.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
3. An inference, which may not be made from this passage, is _____.
4. Which of the following can be readily inferred from the passage
5. It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
6. What does the author conclude about _________
7. We may conclude from reading the passage that ______.
8. The passage is intended to ______.
9. The paragraph preceding this one would most likely state ________.
10. Where would this paragraph most probably appear
在閱讀中, 人們首先理解的是語(yǔ)言的字面意義。然而, 語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容常常超過其字面意義。這就需要我們掌握邏輯判斷和推理的方法, 根據(jù)事物發(fā)展的自然規(guī)律以及語(yǔ)言本身的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系, 從一定的文字符號(hào)中獲得盡可能多的信息。
有時(shí), 作者在文中并未把需要讀者理解的所有意思直接表達(dá)出來(lái), 而是期待讀者能領(lǐng)語(yǔ)文章的內(nèi)在含義, 即從字里行間來(lái)體會(huì)他想表達(dá)的意思。由于有的意思文中沒有直接說(shuō)明, 讀者必須根據(jù)文中所陳述內(nèi)容的邏輯發(fā)展, 上下文的聯(lián)貫以及文中有關(guān)部分的暗示, 作出判斷或進(jìn)行推理。
在閱讀中, 判斷和推理的能力是十分重要的。只有具備這種能力, 才有可能真正地弄懂文章中語(yǔ)言上沒有明確表達(dá)卻又隱含的意思, 達(dá)到真正的理解。
一、判斷
在閱讀中，有時(shí)要求我們對(duì)文章中闡述的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié), 按照邏輯發(fā)展的規(guī)律, 進(jìn)行分析和概括, 并以此為依據(jù)得出合乎邏輯的結(jié)論。我們將這個(gè)過程稱作判斷。
例1： The male and female mosquitoes make an odd couple. The female is vampire and lives on blood. The male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juices. Females of different species choose different hosts on which to dine. Some feed exclusively on cattle, horses, birds, and other warm-blooded creatures. Some favor cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man.
While the females menu varies, her bite remains the same. She drives her sharp tubular snout through the skin, injects a fluid to keep the blood from thickening, and drinks her fill, which takes a minute or less. It is the fluid she injects that carries disease. After her blood meal, she rests while her eggs develop. She then looks for a moist or flooded place to lay them
根據(jù)文中the male is a vegetarian that sips nectar and plant juice.我們可以得出結(jié)論：雄蚊相對(duì)地說(shuō)對(duì)人類無(wú)害。根據(jù)文中The female is a vampire and lives on blood. Some feed on ...warm-blooded creatures. Some favour cold-blooded animals. Still others prefer man.我們可以得出結(jié)論：雌蚊對(duì)多數(shù)動(dòng)物構(gòu)成威脅。縱觀全文, 我們可以得出結(jié)論：蚊子應(yīng)該被消滅。
二、推理
推理就是以已知的事實(shí)為依據(jù), 來(lái)獲得未知的信息。在閱讀中, 我們要善于利用文章中明確表示的內(nèi)容, 進(jìn)行正確的推理, 以挖掘作者的隱含意思; 要求進(jìn)行推理的問題, 在文中均找不到直接答案。如果問題要求理解某句或某段的含蓄意義, 我們必須在文中找到所涉及的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ), 仔細(xì)閱讀一至兩遍, 吃透意思, 并以此為根據(jù), 進(jìn)行分析和推理。然后, 再逐個(gè)考慮選擇項(xiàng), 選出答案。如果需要進(jìn)行推理判斷的內(nèi)容涉及全文, 則必須在理解通篇中心思想、掌握全文邏輯發(fā)展過程的基礎(chǔ)上, 才能進(jìn)行正確的推理判斷接
例2： Like other opinions about the situation, Burkes predictably, and sensibly, forecasts a rise in unemployment among the young.
從此句我們可以看出：1)說(shuō)話者同意Burke的關(guān)于年輕人失業(yè)現(xiàn)象要增多的看法(根據(jù)predictably, and sensibly);2)Burke不是唯一持這種看法的人(根據(jù)like other opinions...)。
例3：Directions: Read the following passage and choose the statement which can definitely be inferred
In 1980, Canada announced strict additional limits on ownership of energy companies by foreign institutions and individuals. Since these may no longer own more than 50 percent of such companies, sources of capital for these corporations are now sharply restricted.
A) Before 1980, foreigners were allowed to own a majority of shares in Canadian energy companies.
B) Canadas 1980 limitations on energy-company ownership have caused some problems for these enterprises.
C) After 1980, foreigners may not own a majority share in a Canadian company.
D) Before 1980, there were no limitations of foreign individuals owning Canadian energy companies.
選擇項(xiàng)A符合題意, 因?yàn)槲闹姓劦竭@一限制是1980年宣布的, 據(jù)此可以推斷1980年前尚無(wú)此規(guī)定。選擇項(xiàng)B也符合題意, 因文中談到這些企業(yè)資金來(lái)源將受到限制, 據(jù)此可以推斷該限制將會(huì)給這些企業(yè)帶來(lái)問題。C項(xiàng)不符合題意, 因文中指的是energy companies, 而不是所有的公司。D項(xiàng)也不符合題意, 因?yàn)槲闹姓劦?980年宣布的是jieadditional limits, 據(jù)此可以推斷在此以前已有其它限制。
三、預(yù)測(cè)
根據(jù)上文中已出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言信息, 預(yù)測(cè)下文即將出現(xiàn)的信息, 這也是我們必須掌握的一項(xiàng)閱讀技能。例如, 當(dāng)我們讀到Though progress on the subway has not actually stopped. . . 。我們根據(jù)Though所引出的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的意義, 應(yīng)能推測(cè)到Something is wrong with the project. ; 同時(shí)從not actually中推測(cè)到progress on the subject has almost stopped. 據(jù)此預(yù)測(cè), 下文可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)it is likely that the completion of the project will be delayed , 卻不可能出現(xiàn)the project will be completed ahead of time 。
若下文與預(yù)測(cè)一致或基本一致, 則證明自己對(duì)上文理解正確, 可以繼續(xù)閱讀; 若不一致, 則說(shuō)明對(duì)已讀信息的理解有偏差, 或這里有特殊含義, 需要調(diào)整自己的思路, 或應(yīng)給予特別的注意。
通常, 我們可以借助于語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、常用句型進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè); 通過標(biāo)題或主題句進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè); 結(jié)合自己的背景知識(shí)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè); 根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志的提示詞或者連接上下文的承接手段來(lái)進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)等等。
同樣, 我們也可根據(jù)所給的某一段文章的內(nèi)容, 來(lái)推測(cè)上文討論的是什么話題, 或已經(jīng)談到過什么事情。以 Though progress on the subway has not actually stopped, it is likely that the comp1etion of the project will be delayed.為例。根據(jù)該句所提供的信息, 我們可以推測(cè)到上文討論的內(nèi)容可能是Strikes have severely hampered the project.; 而不可能是 The boss has promised to give his men a pay rise.
例5：
We can infer from the passage that _____
A) English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flats.
B) People in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flats.
C) People in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flats
D) Modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living
本題考核學(xué)生根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推斷的能力。文章中說(shuō)英國(guó)人在住房間題上與當(dāng)今世界上許多國(guó)家的居民有著不同的看法, 他們反對(duì)住高層公寓, 文章中還列舉了許多理由說(shuō)明這一點(diǎn), 而且指出這種習(xí)慣很難改變。既然英國(guó)人與許多國(guó)家的居民不同, 反對(duì)住高層公寓, 那么世界上許多國(guó)家的居民便是不反對(duì)住高層公寓, 因此正確的答案是選項(xiàng)B。可是只有大約26%的考生答對(duì)了本題,大部分人只注意個(gè)別句子的意思, 未能理解文章中隱含的意義。
四. 練習(xí)
The word conservationhas a thrifty meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourse1ves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had this foo1ish idea that the treasures were 1imitlessand inexbaustible. Most of the citizens or earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a 1iving body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or 1ater be harmful to a11 the others.
Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the schoo1 work; scientific forestry was a new idea：timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river f1oods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-term climatic cycles in relation to proper 1and use; even the word conservation had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.
For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyonesdaily life. To know about the water table in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and river must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of mans fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.
Question: It can be inferred from the third paragraph that earlier generations didnt realize _____.
A ) the interdependence of water, soil and living things
B) the importance of the proper use of land
C) the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floods
D) the value of the beauty of nature
這個(gè)問題的答案是A。在文章中并不能找到the interdependence of water, soil and living things。我們?cè)诘谝欢慰梢哉业竭@樣一個(gè)句子：
Most of the citizens or earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a 1iving body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or 1ater be harmful to a11 the others.
由此我們可以看出答案是A。
在閱讀理解測(cè)試中, 要求進(jìn)行判斷和推理的問題, 通常有以下幾種形式：
1. The writer implies that _______.
2. It can be inferred from the passage that _____.
3. An inference, which may not be made from this passage, is _____.
4. Which of the following can be readily inferred from the passage
5. It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
6. What does the author conclude about _________
7. We may conclude from reading the passage that ______.
8. The passage is intended to ______.
9. The paragraph preceding this one would most likely state ________.
10. Where would this paragraph most probably appear
