英語四級(jí)六級(jí)寫作常見題型及寫作思路

　　四級(jí)寫作常考題型及寫作思路

　　四級(jí)寫作常考話題主要為兩類：校園類和社會(huì)類。校園話題含綠色校園、選修課、社團(tuán)活動(dòng)等;社會(huì)話題為博物館、環(huán)境、娛樂活動(dòng)等。

　　四級(jí)寫作體裁有三種：論說文、應(yīng)用文及圖表作文。1990年至2010年42次四級(jí)寫作中三種體裁的分布如下：

　　可見，四級(jí)寫作考察重點(diǎn)是論說文。其中，近12次四級(jí)考試中論說文考了10次，應(yīng)用文2次，圖表作文0次。 因此，建議復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)為論說文。

　　論說文有三種：?jiǎn)栴}解決型、觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型和現(xiàn)象描述型。其中問題解決型作文是近年考察重點(diǎn)(5次)，其次是觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型(3次)和現(xiàn)象描述型(2次)。

　　論說文建議采用三段式寫作思路。

　　(1)觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型：該類作文是2011年重點(diǎn)備考類型，理由如下： 2008年12月至2010年12月連續(xù)五次均考問題解決型作文，改換類型幾率較高。接下來，請(qǐng)關(guān)注一下該類作文命題形式的變化。

　　下面，以2008年6月份真題為例介紹該類作文的最新破題思路

　　2008年6月英文題目：Recreational activities

　　提綱：

　　1、娛樂活動(dòng)多種多樣

　　2、娛樂活動(dòng)可能使人們受益，也可能有危害性

　　3、作為大學(xué)生我的看法

　　例文：

　　首段：描述現(xiàn)象+ 觀點(diǎn)闡述(利)+原因

　　Living in the era of information and technology, individuals have access to a variety of recreational activities. Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary for people to participate in these activities, because they bring convenience and benefits. In their eyes, without these activities, it is impossible for them to ease their working and studying pressure. Moreover, what makes them convinced is that enjoying recreational time is of great significance for them to make friends.

　　二段：觀點(diǎn)闡述 +原因

　　Beneficial as these activities are, others have an opposite perspective. First, they argue that taking part in them means a great amount of time, money and energy; therefore, their work may be afflicted. In addition, what worries many parents or teachers is that some games may have negative influences on teenagers learning.

　　尾段：我的看法(觀點(diǎn)闡述)+具體說明(理由)

　　Who is right? I think there is something right in both arguments. However, I am convinced that we should attach more importance to our study or work firstly. Then, we are also expected to get relaxed through positive recreational activities.

　　(2)問題解決型：?jiǎn)栴}解決型作文是近年重點(diǎn)，也是2011年6月四級(jí)備考次重點(diǎn)。其寫作思路一般可以總結(jié)為：現(xiàn)象(問題)描述+原因(危害)分析+建議措施(我的看法)。

　　以2010年6月份真題為例介紹該類題型的破題思路。

　　2010年6月英文題目：Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling

　　漢語提綱1.如今不少學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習(xí)中不重視拼寫。

　　2.出現(xiàn)這種情況的原因。

　　3.如何避免這一問題

　　例文：

　　首段：?jiǎn)栴}描述 = 背景+描述+總結(jié)

　　In the present-day world, English has become indispensable. However, it can be noticed that learners pay less attention to spelling than ever before. Therefore, this problem has become a matter of concern for teachers and students.

　　中間段：原因分析= 主題句+原因1+原因2

　　Generally speaking, several reasons can account for this phenomenon. To begin with, while writing, students tend to type on computers, which can correct spelling mistakes automatically. In addition, most English tests are based on choosing correct answers, in which spelling is not a necessity.

　　尾段：建議措施= 主題句+建議1+建議2

　　To tackle this issue, I am convinced that Practice makes perfect. First, all English learners students from primary schools, middle schools and colleges are highly hoped to practice word-spelling. Second, it is suggested that English exams should be reformed, in which correct spelling should be a basic requirement.

　　現(xiàn)象描述型：該類作文針對(duì)社會(huì)或者校園話題(非負(fù)面問題)展開討論，在近年考查較少。2007年12月就是典型的現(xiàn)象描述型作文，真題如下：

　　英文題目：What Electives to Choose

　　漢語提綱：1. 各學(xué)校開設(shè)了各種各樣的選修課

　　2. 學(xué)生選課有不同的原因

　　3. 就我而言

　　下面以一道四級(jí)模擬題為例說明該類作文的破題思路，題目如下：

　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Volunteering activities. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

　　1. 越來越多的人從事志愿者工作

　　2. 志愿者工作的社會(huì)意義

　　3. 作為大學(xué)生，應(yīng)該怎么做

　　范文：

　　首段：現(xiàn)象描述= 引入現(xiàn)象+具體描述+總結(jié)現(xiàn)象

　　In recent years, the volunteering spirit has spread among the Chinese people, especially among youngsters. According to a survey, in 2010, there were about 70,000 volunteers who offered service for Shanghai World Expo. Actually, an increasing number of people become volunteers every year in China.

　　中間段：意義闡述= 主題句 + 具體意義

　　Volunteering actions are of tremendous benefits to both volunteers and the society. For volunteers, these activities provide wide opportunities for them enrich their social experience, as well as to cultivate their awareness of responsibility. For the society as a whole, volunteers have been playing an active role in constructing a more harmonious society. It is their contribution that makes our society more livable.

　　尾段：我的看法(觀點(diǎn)闡述)= 主題句+具體建議

　　As modern college students, we are well-advised to get actively involved in volunteering activities. By participating, we can learn how to work well in a team, how to improve our interpersonal skills and organizational ability. Undoubtedly, all of these are critical for our person growth. So, we should take this chance to learn and to grow. 以上三種體裁的寫作從段落層面上來看就是現(xiàn)象描述段、原因分析、問題(危害)分析、意義闡述、建議措施和觀點(diǎn)闡述段等六種功能段落的排列組合。因此，當(dāng)考生無法識(shí)別該考題為哪一類型時(shí)，可按照段落層面進(jìn)行破題。

　　(4)例文點(diǎn)評(píng)及高分作文特征：內(nèi)容切題、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰和語言精彩。

　　按照大綱規(guī)定，寫作從內(nèi)容和語言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。想在寫作部分取得理想分?jǐn)?shù)，考生需從三方面入手：內(nèi)容切題、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰和語言精彩。三方面中，內(nèi)容切題是基本要求，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰體現(xiàn)在段落層面上有清晰的寫作思路，語言精彩是寫作本質(zhì)要求。在滿足前兩個(gè)條件的基礎(chǔ)上，語言質(zhì)量最終決定寫作成績(jī)的高低。

　　語言精彩表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面：遣詞、造句、連貫。概括為：句子結(jié)構(gòu)詞多變、起承轉(zhuǎn)合邏輯顯。遣詞：例文用詞有一定的廣度和深度。廣度(variety)：廣泛使用多種不同形式的詞匯表達(dá)，如同義詞、同根詞、同一范疇內(nèi)的上義詞、下義詞和相關(guān)詞匯，以及代詞替換等。深度(academic)：選擇用詞方面不一定要字字珠璣，但最后有一些亮點(diǎn)詞匯的點(diǎn)綴，如：important 可以替換為 indispensable;more and more people 可以替換為 an increasing number of people, I think that 可以替換為 I am convinced that等等。

　　造句：例文句子結(jié)構(gòu)富有變化，如：長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合、被動(dòng)句、定語從句、名詞性從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句式、同位語等。

　　連貫：體現(xiàn)在起承轉(zhuǎn)合的邏輯關(guān)系詞上：如，moreover, to begin with, however, so, first, second等詞語的運(yùn)用使邏輯思路清晰可見。

　　(5)應(yīng)用文和圖表作文的復(fù)習(xí)：應(yīng)用文和圖表作文的寫作雖非近年考查重點(diǎn)，但它們是考試大綱和教學(xué)大綱中規(guī)定的考查內(nèi)容，應(yīng)該全面復(fù)習(xí)。

　　應(yīng)用文的寫作復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)在于掌握其格式(如，書信、通知、海報(bào)、交通事故見證書、演講詞)、開頭和結(jié)尾的慣用表達(dá)方式。若應(yīng)用文給出提綱，則只需在滿足格式要求的前提下，按照提綱要求進(jìn)行寫作即可。值得一提的是四級(jí)考試之中的應(yīng)用文復(fù)習(xí)對(duì)于現(xiàn)行的研究生入學(xué)英語考試寫作部分小作文很有幫助。

　　圖表作文是近年四級(jí)寫作出現(xiàn)頻率最低的一類作文，最近一次考查是2002年6月。建議在考前復(fù)習(xí)首段圖表描述的寫法，該類作文其他段落的寫法與論說文無異。

　　四級(jí)寫作常考題型及寫作思路

　　四級(jí)寫作常考話題主要為兩類：校園類和社會(huì)類。校園話題含綠色校園、選修課、社團(tuán)活動(dòng)等;社會(huì)話題為博物館、環(huán)境、娛樂活動(dòng)等。

　　四級(jí)寫作體裁有三種：論說文、應(yīng)用文及圖表作文。1990年至2010年42次四級(jí)寫作中三種體裁的分布如下：

　　可見，四級(jí)寫作考察重點(diǎn)是論說文。其中，近12次四級(jí)考試中論說文考了10次，應(yīng)用文2次，圖表作文0次。 因此，建議復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)為論說文。

　　論說文有三種：?jiǎn)栴}解決型、觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型和現(xiàn)象描述型。其中問題解決型作文是近年考察重點(diǎn)(5次)，其次是觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型(3次)和現(xiàn)象描述型(2次)。

　　論說文建議采用三段式寫作思路。

　　(1)觀點(diǎn)對(duì)比型：該類作文是2011年重點(diǎn)備考類型，理由如下： 2008年12月至2010年12月連續(xù)五次均考問題解決型作文，改換類型幾率較高。接下來，請(qǐng)關(guān)注一下該類作文命題形式的變化。

　　下面，以2008年6月份真題為例介紹該類作文的最新破題思路

　　2008年6月英文題目：Recreational activities

　　提綱：

　　1、娛樂活動(dòng)多種多樣

　　2、娛樂活動(dòng)可能使人們受益，也可能有危害性

　　3、作為大學(xué)生我的看法

　　例文：

　　首段：描述現(xiàn)象+ 觀點(diǎn)闡述(利)+原因

　　Living in the era of information and technology, individuals have access to a variety of recreational activities. Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary for people to participate in these activities, because they bring convenience and benefits. In their eyes, without these activities, it is impossible for them to ease their working and studying pressure. Moreover, what makes them convinced is that enjoying recreational time is of great significance for them to make friends.

　　二段：觀點(diǎn)闡述 +原因

　　Beneficial as these activities are, others have an opposite perspective. First, they argue that taking part in them means a great amount of time, money and energy; therefore, their work may be afflicted. In addition, what worries many parents or teachers is that some games may have negative influences on teenagers learning.

　　尾段：我的看法(觀點(diǎn)闡述)+具體說明(理由)

　　Who is right? I think there is something right in both arguments. However, I am convinced that we should attach more importance to our study or work firstly. Then, we are also expected to get relaxed through positive recreational activities.

　　(2)問題解決型：?jiǎn)栴}解決型作文是近年重點(diǎn)，也是2011年6月四級(jí)備考次重點(diǎn)。其寫作思路一般可以總結(jié)為：現(xiàn)象(問題)描述+原因(危害)分析+建議措施(我的看法)。

　　以2010年6月份真題為例介紹該類題型的破題思路。

　　2010年6月英文題目：Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling

　　漢語提綱1.如今不少學(xué)生在英語學(xué)習(xí)中不重視拼寫。

　　2.出現(xiàn)這種情況的原因。

　　3.如何避免這一問題

　　例文：

　　首段：?jiǎn)栴}描述 = 背景+描述+總結(jié)

　　In the present-day world, English has become indispensable. However, it can be noticed that learners pay less attention to spelling than ever before. Therefore, this problem has become a matter of concern for teachers and students.

　　中間段：原因分析= 主題句+原因1+原因2

　　Generally speaking, several reasons can account for this phenomenon. To begin with, while writing, students tend to type on computers, which can correct spelling mistakes automatically. In addition, most English tests are based on choosing correct answers, in which spelling is not a necessity.

　　尾段：建議措施= 主題句+建議1+建議2

　　To tackle this issue, I am convinced that Practice makes perfect. First, all English learners students from primary schools, middle schools and colleges are highly hoped to practice word-spelling. Second, it is suggested that English exams should be reformed, in which correct spelling should be a basic requirement.

　　現(xiàn)象描述型：該類作文針對(duì)社會(huì)或者校園話題(非負(fù)面問題)展開討論，在近年考查較少。2007年12月就是典型的現(xiàn)象描述型作文，真題如下：

　　英文題目：What Electives to Choose

　　漢語提綱：1. 各學(xué)校開設(shè)了各種各樣的選修課

　　2. 學(xué)生選課有不同的原因

　　3. 就我而言

　　下面以一道四級(jí)模擬題為例說明該類作文的破題思路，題目如下：

　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Volunteering activities. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:

　　1. 越來越多的人從事志愿者工作

　　2. 志愿者工作的社會(huì)意義

　　3. 作為大學(xué)生，應(yīng)該怎么做

　　范文：

　　首段：現(xiàn)象描述= 引入現(xiàn)象+具體描述+總結(jié)現(xiàn)象

　　In recent years, the volunteering spirit has spread among the Chinese people, especially among youngsters. According to a survey, in 2010, there were about 70,000 volunteers who offered service for Shanghai World Expo. Actually, an increasing number of people become volunteers every year in China.

　　中間段：意義闡述= 主題句 + 具體意義

　　Volunteering actions are of tremendous benefits to both volunteers and the society. For volunteers, these activities provide wide opportunities for them enrich their social experience, as well as to cultivate their awareness of responsibility. For the society as a whole, volunteers have been playing an active role in constructing a more harmonious society. It is their contribution that makes our society more livable.

　　尾段：我的看法(觀點(diǎn)闡述)= 主題句+具體建議

　　As modern college students, we are well-advised to get actively involved in volunteering activities. By participating, we can learn how to work well in a team, how to improve our interpersonal skills and organizational ability. Undoubtedly, all of these are critical for our person growth. So, we should take this chance to learn and to grow. 以上三種體裁的寫作從段落層面上來看就是現(xiàn)象描述段、原因分析、問題(危害)分析、意義闡述、建議措施和觀點(diǎn)闡述段等六種功能段落的排列組合。因此，當(dāng)考生無法識(shí)別該考題為哪一類型時(shí)，可按照段落層面進(jìn)行破題。

　　(4)例文點(diǎn)評(píng)及高分作文特征：內(nèi)容切題、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰和語言精彩。

　　按照大綱規(guī)定，寫作從內(nèi)容和語言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判。想在寫作部分取得理想分?jǐn)?shù)，考生需從三方面入手：內(nèi)容切題、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰和語言精彩。三方面中，內(nèi)容切題是基本要求，結(jié)構(gòu)清晰體現(xiàn)在段落層面上有清晰的寫作思路，語言精彩是寫作本質(zhì)要求。在滿足前兩個(gè)條件的基礎(chǔ)上，語言質(zhì)量最終決定寫作成績(jī)的高低。

　　語言精彩表現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面：遣詞、造句、連貫。概括為：句子結(jié)構(gòu)詞多變、起承轉(zhuǎn)合邏輯顯。遣詞：例文用詞有一定的廣度和深度。廣度(variety)：廣泛使用多種不同形式的詞匯表達(dá)，如同義詞、同根詞、同一范疇內(nèi)的上義詞、下義詞和相關(guān)詞匯，以及代詞替換等。深度(academic)：選擇用詞方面不一定要字字珠璣，但最后有一些亮點(diǎn)詞匯的點(diǎn)綴，如：important 可以替換為 indispensable;more and more people 可以替換為 an increasing number of people, I think that 可以替換為 I am convinced that等等。

　　造句：例文句子結(jié)構(gòu)富有變化，如：長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合、被動(dòng)句、定語從句、名詞性從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句式、同位語等。

　　連貫：體現(xiàn)在起承轉(zhuǎn)合的邏輯關(guān)系詞上：如，moreover, to begin with, however, so, first, second等詞語的運(yùn)用使邏輯思路清晰可見。

　　(5)應(yīng)用文和圖表作文的復(fù)習(xí)：應(yīng)用文和圖表作文的寫作雖非近年考查重點(diǎn)，但它們是考試大綱和教學(xué)大綱中規(guī)定的考查內(nèi)容，應(yīng)該全面復(fù)習(xí)。

　　應(yīng)用文的寫作復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)在于掌握其格式(如，書信、通知、海報(bào)、交通事故見證書、演講詞)、開頭和結(jié)尾的慣用表達(dá)方式。若應(yīng)用文給出提綱，則只需在滿足格式要求的前提下，按照提綱要求進(jìn)行寫作即可。值得一提的是四級(jí)考試之中的應(yīng)用文復(fù)習(xí)對(duì)于現(xiàn)行的研究生入學(xué)英語考試寫作部分小作文很有幫助。

　　圖表作文是近年四級(jí)寫作出現(xiàn)頻率最低的一類作文，最近一次考查是2002年6月。建議在考前復(fù)習(xí)首段圖表描述的寫法，該類作文其他段落的寫法與論說文無異。