名師精講大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)議論文寫(xiě)作課程筆記二
語(yǔ)篇的連貫性
英語(yǔ)議論文的段落多采取直線(xiàn)展開(kāi)式，即段落開(kāi)始直接切入主題，并給出事實(shí)、例證、推理等。英語(yǔ)議論文段落這種展開(kāi)方式是形成其語(yǔ)篇連貫的基礎(chǔ)。語(yǔ)篇的連貫是指段落中各句的意義通過(guò)某種有序的排列(如時(shí)間順序、因果順序、邏輯順序等)而相互關(guān)聯(lián)。在論述該段落主題的時(shí)候，每后一個(gè)句子都是建立在前面一個(gè)句子的基礎(chǔ)之上的。如果去掉段落中的一個(gè)句子，這種連貫便會(huì)受到影響，就會(huì)造成讀者在理解上的困難。
3. 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)、議論文中常用的詞句與短語(yǔ)
(1) 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)
一篇議論文能否獲得高分與其中心段落主題句的質(zhì)量不無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)，而主題句質(zhì)量的高低則又取決于審題的好壞和論據(jù)的選擇(即所選的論據(jù)在邏輯性、說(shuō)理性、準(zhǔn)確性及與主題內(nèi)容的關(guān)聯(lián)性等方面是否都經(jīng)得起推敲)。需要明確的是，中心段落只應(yīng)有兩個(gè)組成部分：段落的主題句和支持主題句的論據(jù)。
段落的主題句也應(yīng)有兩個(gè)部分組成，即：主題句=主題+作者對(duì)主題的看法或態(tài)度，兩者缺一不可。假設(shè)應(yīng)試者被要求寫(xiě)一篇有關(guān)吸煙的議論文，那么 SMOKING 就是中心段落的主題。請(qǐng)看下面這個(gè)主題句：
Smoking is a habit of many men.
該主題句暴露出兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：(1)作者審題不清;(2)作者沒(méi)有表明對(duì)主題的看法或態(tài)度。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，議論文要求應(yīng)試者闡明自己對(duì)某問(wèn)題的看法或態(tài)度。因此當(dāng)我們拿到議論文的題目以后，要認(rèn)真審題，權(quán)衡某事的利與弊，然后確定我們的立場(chǎng)。
如何構(gòu)建段落的主題句呢?
拿到議論文的題目以后，經(jīng)認(rèn)真審題后，用英文列出你所能想起的與主題有關(guān)的例證。我們還用吸煙這個(gè)話(huà)題為例：
SMOKING
1. Smoking can cause such a disease as lung cancer.
2. Reports say that merely 3 grams of nicotine can kill a large animal.
3. Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one s life by about 15
minutes and that chain smoking is even more hazardous.
4. Smoking after a meal can also disturb one s digestive system.
5. Heavy smoking can seriously affect an adult s sexuality.
6. Smoking does harm to second-hand smokers as well.
7. Smoking makes one s mouth smell.
8. The life expectancy of smokers is shorter than that of nonsmokers.
9. Smoking in bed may cause fire..
根據(jù)上面所列出的七個(gè)句子，我們可以選擇以下兩個(gè)主題句，即：
1 Smoking is a bad habit.
2 Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health.
第一個(gè)主題句表明了作者的態(tài)度，但不如第二個(gè)具體，因此在展開(kāi)中心段落時(shí)不僅要談吸煙對(duì)人體健康的不良影響，還要涉及吸煙在其它方面造成的危害。這樣的段落考生較難掌握。因此主題句越是相對(duì)地具體段落就越好展開(kāi)。但這并不等于說(shuō)第一個(gè)主題句不好;如果主題句太過(guò)具體，段落可展開(kāi)的范圍就會(huì)過(guò)窄。如果范圍較窄，有些考生所能列出的例證就會(huì)相對(duì)較少，整篇文章寫(xiě)下來(lái)后可能達(dá)不到所要求的字?jǐn)?shù)。因此選擇哪一個(gè)主題句要視具體情況而定。
用于支持段落主題句的論據(jù)其實(shí)就是我們開(kāi)始列出的那些例證，但應(yīng)視主題句所涉及范圍的大小而有所取舍。下面我們就上面的兩個(gè)主題句分別構(gòu)建兩個(gè)不同的中心段落：
Smoking is a bad habit. For one thing, smoking in bed may cause a terrible fire. For another, regular smoking makes one s mouth smell bad. And worst of all, cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, Cancer Stick . Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one s life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adult s sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs one s digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers , according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places.
語(yǔ)篇的連貫性
英語(yǔ)議論文的段落多采取直線(xiàn)展開(kāi)式，即段落開(kāi)始直接切入主題，并給出事實(shí)、例證、推理等。英語(yǔ)議論文段落這種展開(kāi)方式是形成其語(yǔ)篇連貫的基礎(chǔ)。語(yǔ)篇的連貫是指段落中各句的意義通過(guò)某種有序的排列(如時(shí)間順序、因果順序、邏輯順序等)而相互關(guān)聯(lián)。在論述該段落主題的時(shí)候，每后一個(gè)句子都是建立在前面一個(gè)句子的基礎(chǔ)之上的。如果去掉段落中的一個(gè)句子，這種連貫便會(huì)受到影響，就會(huì)造成讀者在理解上的困難。
3. 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)、議論文中常用的詞句與短語(yǔ)
(1) 議論文中心段落的主題句及其論據(jù)
一篇議論文能否獲得高分與其中心段落主題句的質(zhì)量不無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)，而主題句質(zhì)量的高低則又取決于審題的好壞和論據(jù)的選擇(即所選的論據(jù)在邏輯性、說(shuō)理性、準(zhǔn)確性及與主題內(nèi)容的關(guān)聯(lián)性等方面是否都經(jīng)得起推敲)。需要明確的是，中心段落只應(yīng)有兩個(gè)組成部分：段落的主題句和支持主題句的論據(jù)。
段落的主題句也應(yīng)有兩個(gè)部分組成，即：主題句=主題+作者對(duì)主題的看法或態(tài)度，兩者缺一不可。假設(shè)應(yīng)試者被要求寫(xiě)一篇有關(guān)吸煙的議論文，那么 SMOKING 就是中心段落的主題。請(qǐng)看下面這個(gè)主題句：
Smoking is a habit of many men.
該主題句暴露出兩個(gè)問(wèn)題：(1)作者審題不清;(2)作者沒(méi)有表明對(duì)主題的看法或態(tài)度。
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，議論文要求應(yīng)試者闡明自己對(duì)某問(wèn)題的看法或態(tài)度。因此當(dāng)我們拿到議論文的題目以后，要認(rèn)真審題，權(quán)衡某事的利與弊，然后確定我們的立場(chǎng)。
如何構(gòu)建段落的主題句呢?
拿到議論文的題目以后，經(jīng)認(rèn)真審題后，用英文列出你所能想起的與主題有關(guān)的例證。我們還用吸煙這個(gè)話(huà)題為例：
SMOKING
1. Smoking can cause such a disease as lung cancer.
2. Reports say that merely 3 grams of nicotine can kill a large animal.
3. Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one s life by about 15
minutes and that chain smoking is even more hazardous.
4. Smoking after a meal can also disturb one s digestive system.
5. Heavy smoking can seriously affect an adult s sexuality.
6. Smoking does harm to second-hand smokers as well.
7. Smoking makes one s mouth smell.
8. The life expectancy of smokers is shorter than that of nonsmokers.
9. Smoking in bed may cause fire..
根據(jù)上面所列出的七個(gè)句子，我們可以選擇以下兩個(gè)主題句，即：
1 Smoking is a bad habit.
2 Smoking is a bad habit that does a lot of harm to human health.
第一個(gè)主題句表明了作者的態(tài)度，但不如第二個(gè)具體，因此在展開(kāi)中心段落時(shí)不僅要談吸煙對(duì)人體健康的不良影響，還要涉及吸煙在其它方面造成的危害。這樣的段落考生較難掌握。因此主題句越是相對(duì)地具體段落就越好展開(kāi)。但這并不等于說(shuō)第一個(gè)主題句不好;如果主題句太過(guò)具體，段落可展開(kāi)的范圍就會(huì)過(guò)窄。如果范圍較窄，有些考生所能列出的例證就會(huì)相對(duì)較少，整篇文章寫(xiě)下來(lái)后可能達(dá)不到所要求的字?jǐn)?shù)。因此選擇哪一個(gè)主題句要視具體情況而定。
用于支持段落主題句的論據(jù)其實(shí)就是我們開(kāi)始列出的那些例證，但應(yīng)視主題句所涉及范圍的大小而有所取舍。下面我們就上面的兩個(gè)主題句分別構(gòu)建兩個(gè)不同的中心段落：
Smoking is a bad habit. For one thing, smoking in bed may cause a terrible fire. For another, regular smoking makes one s mouth smell bad. And worst of all, cigarette smoking does great harm to human health. In many cases, cigarette has proved to be the direct cause of such a fatal disease as cancer-hence its nickname, Cancer Stick . Experts say that smoking one cigarette can reduce one s life by about 15 minutes and that chain smoking is far more hazardous. Recent findings of medical research show that even a tiny drop of nicotine can kill a large animal like a horse. Some medical reports have also proved that heavy smoking would seriously affect an adult s sexuality, and smoking after a meal also disturbs one s digestive system. Cigarette smoking not only jeopardizes the physical health of a smoker, it also affects the health of a nonsmoker who passively inhales the polluted air into his or her lungs when he or she is exposed to a winding shroud of cigarette smoke. The impact on such passive smokers , according to the experts in the medical field, can be even more damaging, and that is why smoking is usually prohibited in most public places.
