2024年山東省高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí):專題整合突破八 非謂語動詞
2024年高考第二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語山東版
八、非謂語動詞
真題試做
1.(2024山東高考,26)George returned after the war, only ______ that his wife had left him.
A.to be told
B.telling
C.being told
D.told
2.(2011山東高考,27)Look over there—there's a very long,winding path ______ up to the house.
A.leading
B.leads
C.led
D.to lead
3.(2010山東高考,23)I have a lot of readings ______ before the end of this term.
A.completing
B.to complete
C.completed
D.being completed
4.(2010山東高考,29)The living room is clean and tidy,with a dining table already ______ for a meal to be cooked.
A.laid
B.laying
C.to lay
D.being laid
考向分析
1.考查對謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的識別,要求明確句子的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義,掌握非謂語動詞的基本用法。
2.考查不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別,要求掌握一些常見動詞后面所接賓語的形式。
3.考查非謂語動詞作定語、狀語、補語時的區(qū)別,尤其是不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞短語、過去分詞短語所表示的不同時間、邏輯關(guān)系和意義。現(xiàn)在分詞和不定式作結(jié)果狀語時的區(qū)別應(yīng)引起足夠重視。
4.考查非謂語動詞的否定式、完成式、被動式及復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),要求掌握其構(gòu)成形式、所表示的時間以及邏輯關(guān)系。
熱點例析
考點一:謂語與非謂語形式的識別
試題以復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)和冗長的句式呈現(xiàn),考查考生是否能瞻前顧后地分清句子成分、理解句子結(jié)構(gòu)、明白句子意義,正確判斷、識別動詞在句中是否充當謂語。
【典例分析】 (2024浙江高考,8)I think Tom,as the head of a big department,should either study regularly or ______ his job.
A.quits
B.to quit
C.quitting
D.quit
答案為D項。該句使用了either ... or ...并列結(jié)構(gòu),either后面是動詞原形study,or后面也應(yīng)該是動詞原形quit,故選擇D項構(gòu)成并列謂語。
(2024全國高考,10)Tony lent me the money,______ that I'd do as much for him.
A.hoping
B.to hope
C.hoped
D.having hoped
答案為A項。由于空前沒有連詞,應(yīng)排除謂語形式的C項,如果用hoped則應(yīng)在空前加and;根據(jù)空前的逗號可排除B項,因為動詞不定式作目的狀語時其前不加逗號;“希望……”并不是發(fā)生在“托尼借給我錢”之前,故排除表示完成的having hoped;由于Tony與hope之間存在主動關(guān)系,故選擇現(xiàn)在分詞hoping作狀語。
考點二:非謂語形式作主語
非謂語形式作主語時,形式主語it常用來代替不定式短語作主語。如:
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
但在It is no use/good doing sth.和It is a waste of time doing sth.句型中,it代替動名詞短語作主語。如:
It's no use arguing with them.
【典例分析】 (2024浙江高考,3)No matter how bright a talker you are,there are times when it's better ______ silent.
A.remain
B.be remaining
C.having remained
D.to remain
答案為D項。when在此處引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾times,在when引導(dǎo)的從句中,it是形式主語,真正的主語是動詞不定式to remain silent,表示“有時保持沉默更好”。
考點三:非謂語形式作賓語
1.部分動詞(短語)后面只能接不定式作賓語。
常見的有:agree/ask/decide/demand/expect/fail/hope/learn/manage/offer/plan/promise/ pretend/refuse/wish/would like (love)
He agreed to lend me his bike.
He refused to say sorry to me.
2.部分動詞(短語)后面只能接動名詞作賓語。
常見的有:avoid/appreciate/consider/delay/enjoy/escape/excuse/finish/imagine/mind/miss/ practise/suggest/keep (on)/feel like/devote oneself to/give up/be (get) used to/be worth/insist on/look forward to/prefer...to...等。
He admitted taking my money.
Do you try to avoid making her annoyed?
3.部分動詞(短語)后接不定式和動名詞時,含義不同,應(yīng)注意區(qū)分。
如:
I'll remember to post your letter.我會記住把你的信寄上的。
I don't remember saying this to him before.我不記得以前對他說過這件事。
如:
I forgot to tell him to come.我忘記叫他來了。
I'll never forget seeing him for the first time.我永遠忘不了和他初次見面的情景。
如:
I regret to say that I can't accept your kind offer.很抱歉,我不能接受你那善意的提議。
I regret saying what was in my mind.我后悔說了心里話。
如:
You must try to improve your teaching method.你一定要試圖改進你的教學(xué)方法。
If no one answers,try knocking at the back door.如果沒人答應(yīng),試著敲敲后門。
如:
I meant to send you a postcard,but I didn't have your address with me.我本想寄一張明信片給你,但是我身邊沒有你的地址。
Starting too early means wasting your time.出發(fā)太早就是浪費時間。
如:
Let's stop to buy something to eat here.咱們在這里停停買些吃的吧。
Let's stop working and have a rest.咱們停下手里的活,歇一會兒。
如:
After reading the text,he went on to write the new words.讀完課文之后,他接著寫生詞。
He went on telling us the story after a short rest.稍微休息之后他接著給我們講故事。
如:
I want to join the army.我想?yún)④姟?/p>
The road needs rebuilding.這條路修需要重新修建。
如:
I can't help to carry the box because my arm hurts.我不能幫忙搬箱子,因為我胳膊疼。
They couldn't help laughing when they saw him.他們看到他,忍不住大笑起來。
如:
I advised holding a meeting to discuss the matter.我建議開一個會來討論這件事情。
He often advises people to use their brains.他常常勸人動動腦子。
【典例分析】 (2024安徽高考,24)I remembered ______ the door before I left the office,but forgot to turn off the lights.
A.locking
B.to lock
C.having locked
D.to have locked
答案為B項。remember to do sth.意為“記著要做某事”,remember doing sth.意為“記著做過某事”。“在離開辦公室前就把門鎖上”顯然不合邏輯,所以應(yīng)選不定式作賓語。句意:我在離開辦公室以前,記著了要鎖門,但是忘了要關(guān)燈。
(2024北京高考,23)One learns a language by making mistakes and ______ them.
A.corrects
B.correct
C.to correct
D.correcting
答案為D項。在介詞by后面,and 前后連接兩個并列賓語,根據(jù)making可知此處選correcting。句意:一個人在犯錯和糾錯中學(xué)會一種語言。
考點四:非謂語形式作定語
1.時間關(guān)系不同:不定式作定語通常表示一個未發(fā)生的動作;現(xiàn)在分詞作定語通常表示一個正在進行的動作、經(jīng)常性的動作或狀態(tài);過去分詞作定語多表已完成的動作,或沒有一定的時間性(只表示被動)。如:
I have a lot of work to do.
The tall girl standing there is a basketball player.
This is a play written by Shakespeare.
2.邏輯關(guān)系不同:不定式所修飾的詞可能是它的邏輯主語,也可能是它的邏輯賓語;現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時,它所修飾的詞一定是它的邏輯主語;過去分詞作定語所修飾的詞一般是它的邏輯賓語。如:
He is the first to get here.
He is the man to depend on.
He is the very person looking for you.
A letter posted today will probably reach him the day after tomorrow.
3.不定式為不及物動詞時,所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等,不要遺漏必要的介詞。如:
He found a good house to live in.
【典例分析】 (2024浙江高考,11)“It's such a nice place,” Mother said as she sat at the table______ for customers.
A.to be reserved
B.having reserved
C.reserving
D.reserved
答案為D項。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,此處應(yīng)用非謂語形式修飾table,“桌子”是“被預(yù)訂或保留”的,所以用過去分詞短語作后置定語。
考點五:非謂語形式作狀語
1.不定式作狀語:
(1)表示目的,直接用不定式或so as to/in order to。如:
He worked day and night to get the money.
(2)表示結(jié)果,更常見于so...as to,such...as to,enough to,too...to結(jié)構(gòu)中,only接不定式也常表示出乎意料的結(jié)果。如:
I visited him only to find him out.
(3)表示原因,用在作表語的某些表示情感的形容詞或過去分詞后面,說明產(chǎn)生某種情緒的原因或是在哪方面存在謂語所表示的情況等。如:
They were very sad to hear the news.
2.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語:
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語表示的必須是主語的一個動作,即分詞的邏輯主語就是句子的主語。
現(xiàn)在分詞可以作時間狀語、原因狀語、結(jié)果狀語、方式狀語和伴隨狀語。作原因狀語時,通常放在句首;作結(jié)果狀語時,通常放在句子后面,表示自然而然的結(jié)果。如:
Hearing the news,they all jumped with joy.
He fired his gun,killing the wolf.
All night long he lay awake,thinking of the problem.
3.過去分詞作狀語:
過去分詞的動作與句子的主語是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。
過去分詞可以作時間狀語、原因狀語、條件狀語、方式狀語和伴隨狀語。如:
Seen from the hill,the city looks more beautiful.
Given better attention,the cabbages could have grown better.
【典例分析】 (2024遼寧高考,29)This machine is very easy ______.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.
A.operating
B.to be operating
C.operated
D.to operate
答案為D項。句意:這臺機器很容易操作。任何人幾分鐘就會學(xué)會使用。該題應(yīng)選不定式作表語形容詞的狀語,說明在哪一方面存在這個形容詞表示的情況或產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因。
(2024北京高考,27)______ with care,one tin will last for six weeks.
A.Use
B.Using
C.Used
D.To use
答案為C項。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知所填部分在句中作狀語,且與句子主語之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系,故選C項。句意:如果用得仔細的話,一罐可以用六周。
(2024天津高考,11)He got up late and hurried to his office,______ the breakfast untouched.
A.left
B.to leave
C.leaving
D.having left
答案為C項。句意:他起床晚了,匆忙趕往辦公室,早餐一動沒動。現(xiàn)在分詞短語在此處作結(jié)果狀語,表示自然而然的結(jié)果。
(2024四川高考,6)Tom took a taxi to the airport,only______his plane high up in the sky.
A.finding
B.to find
C.being found
D.to have found
答案為B項。only后接不定式表示意想不到的結(jié)果,所以應(yīng)選B項作結(jié)果狀語。to have found表示動作發(fā)生在主句謂語took之前,時間上有誤。句意:湯姆乘出租車去了飛機場,卻發(fā)現(xiàn)飛機已經(jīng)飛在高空了。
考點六:非謂語形式作補語
1.a(chǎn)dvise/allow/ask/beg/expect/encourage/force/get/invite/order/permit/persuade/tell/warn/wish等動詞后面常用不定式作補語。如:
Tell the children not to play on the street.
The police warned us not to go out at night.
2.make/let/have等使役動詞后面用不帶to的不定式作補語,但在被動句中則使用帶to的不定式。如:
They make the students do too much homework every day.
The students are made to do too much homework every day.
3.感官動詞后面可用不帶to的不定式或分詞作補語。
從時間上看,不定式表示發(fā)生或完成;現(xiàn)在分詞強調(diào)正在進行;過去分詞表示完成。
從邏輯關(guān)系上看,不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞與賓語之間存在著主謂關(guān)系;過去分詞與賓語之間存在著動賓關(guān)系。如:
I saw him cross the street.我看到他穿過了大街。
I saw him crossing the street.我看到他正在穿過大街。
I saw him surrounded by a group of students.我看到一群學(xué)生圍著他。
4.介詞with和without后面可接復(fù)合賓語。不定式作補語常表示將來;現(xiàn)在分詞作補語常表示賓語與補語是主動關(guān)系或正在進行;過去分詞作補語常表示賓語與補語是被動關(guān)系或已經(jīng)完成。如:
I can't go out with all these dishes to wash.
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
【典例分析】 (2024四川高考,8)I looked up and noticed a snake______its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.
A.to wind
B.wind
C.winding
D.wound
答案為C項。句意:我抬起頭來,注意到一條蛇為了捉到它的早餐,正盤旋著往樹上爬。在感官動詞noticed后面,賓語a snake和wind為主動關(guān)系,所以應(yīng)選現(xiàn)在分詞形式作補語,表示主動、進行。
(2024遼寧高考,25)The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog ______ them.
A.to follow
B.following
C.followed
D.follows
答案為B項。句意:這對老年夫婦經(jīng)常晚飯后去公園散步,后面跟著他們的寵物狗。此處是with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),可排除D項;由于賓語dog與follow之間為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系,可排除C項;不定式一般表示將來,可排除A項;答案為B項,現(xiàn)在分詞形式作補語。
考點七:非謂語動詞的否定式、進行式、完成式和被動式
1.非謂語動詞的否定式均是在前面加not。
He pretended not to see me.
I regret not following his advice.
Not having tried his best,he failed in the exam.
2.不定式的進行式、完成式和被動式。
當謂語動詞表示的動作(情況)發(fā)生時,不定式動作正在進行,不定式要用進行式。
The boy pretended to be working hard.
當不定式的動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生時,不定式要用完成式。
I happened to have seen the film.
當不定式的邏輯主語為不定式動作的承受者時,不定式要用被動式。
The patient asked to be operated on at once.