2024屆高考英語考前語法講解：高考常考的定語從句八大類

　　定語從句是高中階段英語學習的一個重點，也是學習的一個難點，更是常考的一個內(nèi)容。定語從句在高考各個題型中都會涉及到，掌握定語從句對于語言理解具有相當重要的意義。定語從句在高考單項填空試題考查中，大多考查引導定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞，區(qū)別限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句。總結最近十年來高考單項填空試題中所考查到的定語從句，發(fā)現(xiàn)常考的一共有八種類型，本文將對此作一小結。

　　第一種類型：考查which引導的非限制性定語從句

　　which指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，它引導的定語從句一般位于主句的后面，它的意思是“這(那)件事……”，在這些從句中which作主語或賓語。如：

　　1. Jim passed the driving test, _________ surprised everybody in the office. (浙江卷)A. which ???????????? B. that?????????????????? C. this?????????????????? D. it

　　2. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _________, of course, made the others envy him.(天津卷)

　　A. who?? ????? ??????? B. that?? ??????????? ?? C. what?? ???????????? D. which

　　解析：which引導非限制性定語從句并在從句中作主語。答案分別為AD。

　　第二種類型：考查as引導的非限制性定語從句

　　as也可指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，但不同于which的是，它引導的定語從句既可以位于主句的前面，也可以位于主句的后面。它的意思是“正如”，在這些從句中as 作主語或賓語。如：

　　1. _________ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. (浙江卷)

　　A. When??? ??????? B. After?? ??? ?? ???? C. As????? ????? ?? ?? ? D. Since

　　2. _________ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the countries are making progress. (北京卷)

　　A. It????? ???????? ??? B. As???? ??????? ??? C. That??? ??????? ? ???? D. What

　　3. _________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. (江蘇卷)

　　A. Which ?????????? B. When??? ???????? C. What????????????????? D. As

　　解析：引導非限制性定語從句且位于主句之前，用as引導。答案分別為CBD。

　　第三種類型：考查由“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句

　　用于這種情況的關系代詞一般為which(指物)和whom(指人)。在這種結構中，介詞的選擇非常關鍵，可以遵循以下四個原則：(1)根據(jù)定語從句中的謂語動詞確定介詞，其動詞與介詞搭配，構成動詞短語。(2)根據(jù)定語從句中的形容詞確定介詞，其形容詞與介詞搭配，構成形容詞短語。(3)根據(jù)定語從句修飾的先行詞確定介詞，其先行詞往往是表示時間、地點、原因、方法、工具等的詞，它們與介詞之間有一定的聯(lián)系。當“介詞＋關系代詞”在定語從句中充當時間、地點、原因狀語時，可分別用when, where, why替換。(4)根據(jù)句子的意思確定介詞。有些句子，先行詞完全一樣，定語從句中謂語動詞不是由固定的動詞短語構成的，這時，要根據(jù)句子所要表達的意思，選用不同的介詞。如：

　　1. He was educated at a local grammar school, _________ he went on to Cambridge. (山東卷)

　　A. from which?? ? B. after that?? ? ???? C. after which ????? D. from this

　　2. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _________ they are being trained. (江西卷)

　　A. in that?????????????B. for that????? ?? ???C. in which??? ?????? D. for which

　　3. I have many friends, some _________ are businessmen. (全國卷I)A. of them???????????B. from which　? C. who of???????????? D. of whom

　　4. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, _________ he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union. (2005年重慶卷)

　　A. during which time ?? ???????????????????? B. for which time

　　C. during whose time ?? ???????????????????? D. by that time

　　解析：第1題選C，after which 指“在此之后”；第2題選D，考查的對應搭配是be trained for the jobs。第3題選D，some of whom意為“其中有幾個”。第4題選A，“他學習努力并被選為學生會主席”應是“從1999至2003年這個期間里”所發(fā)生的事，所以用during which time。

　　第四種類型：考查由where, when, why引導的定語從句

　　關系副詞where, when, why引導定語從句時，它們分別在從句中充當?shù)攸c時間、原因狀語。如：

　　1.—Is that the small town you often refer to?

　　—Right, just the one _________ you know I used to work for years. (福建卷)

　　A. that????????? ?? ?? B. which?????????????C. where?? ??? ?????? D. what

　　2. If a shop has chairs_________ women can park their men , women will spend more time in the shop. (上海卷)

　　A. that?? ????? ?????? B. which?????????????C. when???????????????D. where

　　3. I walked in our garden, _________Tome and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. (遼寧卷)

　　A. which??? ??? ???? B. when???????? ???? C. where?? ????? ???? D. that

　　4. I work in a business _________almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. (湖南卷)

　　A. how??? ??????? ?? B. which??? ?????? ? C. where?? ???????? ? D. that

　　解析：第1—4 題均選where，表示“……的地方”，引導定語從句，表示地點。

　　第五種類型：考查whose引導的定語從句

　　此時要注意三點：(1) whose 引導的定語從句，其后應緊跟名詞，構成“whose+名詞”；(2) whose 引導的定語從句，其先行詞不僅可以指人，還可以指物；(3) whose 引導的定語從句指物時，可用 of which 代替whose，但詞序不同，即whose+名詞=the +名詞+of which。如：

　　1. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _________ effects the people are still suffering. (天津卷)

　　A. that?????????? ??? B. whose? ?????????? C. those? ???????????? D. what

　　2. George Orwell, _________was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (北京卷)

　　A. the real name?????? ???????????????? ???? B. what his real name

　　C. his real name????? ?????????????????????? D. whose real name

　　解析：這兩道題考查由whose引導的定語從句，whose在題中表示所屬關系。

　　第六種類型：考查分隔式定語從句

　　即所考查的定語從句與先行詞之間插有其他修飾語。做題時應撇開其中的修飾語，直接將先行詞與定語從句聯(lián)系起來。如：

　　1. The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (全國卷)

　　A. until?? ??????????? B. that??? ??????????? C. when? ??????????? D. where

　　2. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _________ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. (北京春季卷)

　　A. that??? ?????? ???? B. while??? ???????? C. which??? ??? ???? D. when

　　解析：第1題選C，先行詞是the hours，back to me 是插入先行詞與定語從句之間的干擾成分；第2題選D，定語從句修飾的先行詞是an exciting moment。第七種類型：考查關系詞省略的限制性定語從句

　　1.—Why does she always ask you for help?

　　—There is no one else _________, is there? (北京卷)

　　A. who to turn to ??????? ???? B. she can turn to

　　C. for whom to turn ????? ?? D. for her to turn

　　解析：此題答案選B，先行詞是no one else，she can turn to前省略了作賓語的關系代詞whom或who。值得注意的是，本句還可以寫成to whom she can turn。

　　2. What surprised me was not what he said but _________ he said it. (年湖北卷)

　　A. the way???????? ???????? ???? B. in the way that

　　C. in the way????? ??????? ???? D. the way which

　　解析：此題答案選A，考查the way后接定語從句的用法。the way后接定語從句有三種用法：(1) 用in which引導；(2) 用that引導；(3) 省略關系詞。此題屬于第三種用法。

　　?

　　第八種類型：考查定語從句與其他知識點的綜合運用

　　1. He is the only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years. (上海春季卷)

　　A. is???? ???????? ???? B. are　 　?????????? C. have been ????? ?D. has been

　　解析：此題形式上好像只是考查主謂一致和時態(tài)的運用，實際上關鍵是確定先行詞。代詞one前是否有定冠詞決定定語從句中的謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式，one of the students中的先行詞是the students，定語從句的謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式；但此處the only one of the students中的先行詞是the only one，所以定語從句中的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。而且句子中因為有狀語for three years，要用現(xiàn)在完成時，所以綜合判斷后答案只能是D。

　　2. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _________ I will always treasure. (全國卷)

　　A. that?? ????????? ??? B. one ????????????? ?? C. it ??????????????? ??? D. what

　　解析：答案選B。題中的one是an unforgettable moment的同位語，同時也是先行詞，其后就是一個定語從句，I always treasure前省略了作賓語的關系代詞that，treasure在這里是及物動詞，意思是“銘記，珍藏”。

　　定語從句是高中階段英語學習的一個重點，也是學習的一個難點，更是常考的一個內(nèi)容。定語從句在高考各個題型中都會涉及到，掌握定語從句對于語言理解具有相當重要的意義。定語從句在高考單項填空試題考查中，大多考查引導定語從句的關系代詞和關系副詞，區(qū)別限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句。總結最近十年來高考單項填空試題中所考查到的定語從句，發(fā)現(xiàn)常考的一共有八種類型，本文將對此作一小結。

　　第一種類型：考查which引導的非限制性定語從句

　　which指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，它引導的定語從句一般位于主句的后面，它的意思是“這(那)件事……”，在這些從句中which作主語或賓語。如：

　　1. Jim passed the driving test, _________ surprised everybody in the office. (浙江卷)A. which ???????????? B. that?????????????????? C. this?????????????????? D. it

　　2. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _________, of course, made the others envy him.(天津卷)

　　A. who?? ????? ??????? B. that?? ??????????? ?? C. what?? ???????????? D. which

　　解析：which引導非限制性定語從句并在從句中作主語。答案分別為AD。

　　第二種類型：考查as引導的非限制性定語從句

　　as也可指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，但不同于which的是，它引導的定語從句既可以位于主句的前面，也可以位于主句的后面。它的意思是“正如”，在這些從句中as 作主語或賓語。如：

　　1. _________ I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. (浙江卷)

　　A. When??? ??????? B. After?? ??? ?? ???? C. As????? ????? ?? ?? ? D. Since

　　2. _________ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the countries are making progress. (北京卷)

　　A. It????? ???????? ??? B. As???? ??????? ??? C. That??? ??????? ? ???? D. What

　　3. _________ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. (江蘇卷)

　　A. Which ?????????? B. When??? ???????? C. What????????????????? D. As

　　解析：引導非限制性定語從句且位于主句之前，用as引導。答案分別為CBD。

　　第三種類型：考查由“介詞＋關系代詞”引導的定語從句

　　用于這種情況的關系代詞一般為which(指物)和whom(指人)。在這種結構中，介詞的選擇非常關鍵，可以遵循以下四個原則：(1)根據(jù)定語從句中的謂語動詞確定介詞，其動詞與介詞搭配，構成動詞短語。(2)根據(jù)定語從句中的形容詞確定介詞，其形容詞與介詞搭配，構成形容詞短語。(3)根據(jù)定語從句修飾的先行詞確定介詞，其先行詞往往是表示時間、地點、原因、方法、工具等的詞，它們與介詞之間有一定的聯(lián)系。當“介詞＋關系代詞”在定語從句中充當時間、地點、原因狀語時，可分別用when, where, why替換。(4)根據(jù)句子的意思確定介詞。有些句子，先行詞完全一樣，定語從句中謂語動詞不是由固定的動詞短語構成的，這時，要根據(jù)句子所要表達的意思，選用不同的介詞。如：

　　1. He was educated at a local grammar school, _________ he went on to Cambridge. (山東卷)

　　A. from which?? ? B. after that?? ? ???? C. after which ????? D. from this

　　2. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs _________ they are being trained. (江西卷)

　　A. in that?????????????B. for that????? ?? ???C. in which??? ?????? D. for which

　　3. I have many friends, some _________ are businessmen. (全國卷I)A. of them???????????B. from which　? C. who of???????????? D. of whom

　　4. Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, _________ he studied very hard and was made Chairman of the Students’ Union. (2005年重慶卷)

　　A. during which time ?? ???????????????????? B. for which time

　　C. during whose time ?? ???????????????????? D. by that time

　　解析：第1題選C，after which 指“在此之后”；第2題選D，考查的對應搭配是be trained for the jobs。第3題選D，some of whom意為“其中有幾個”。第4題選A，“他學習努力并被選為學生會主席”應是“從1999至2003年這個期間里”所發(fā)生的事，所以用during which time。

　　第四種類型：考查由where, when, why引導的定語從句

　　關系副詞where, when, why引導定語從句時，它們分別在從句中充當?shù)攸c時間、原因狀語。如：

　　1.—Is that the small town you often refer to?

　　—Right, just the one _________ you know I used to work for years. (福建卷)

　　A. that????????? ?? ?? B. which?????????????C. where?? ??? ?????? D. what

　　2. If a shop has chairs_________ women can park their men , women will spend more time in the shop. (上海卷)

　　A. that?? ????? ?????? B. which?????????????C. when???????????????D. where

　　3. I walked in our garden, _________Tome and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. (遼寧卷)

　　A. which??? ??? ???? B. when???????? ???? C. where?? ????? ???? D. that

　　4. I work in a business _________almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. (湖南卷)

　　A. how??? ??????? ?? B. which??? ?????? ? C. where?? ???????? ? D. that

　　解析：第1—4 題均選where，表示“……的地方”，引導定語從句，表示地點。

　　第五種類型：考查whose引導的定語從句

　　此時要注意三點：(1) whose 引導的定語從句，其后應緊跟名詞，構成“whose+名詞”；(2) whose 引導的定語從句，其先行詞不僅可以指人，還可以指物；(3) whose 引導的定語從句指物時，可用 of which 代替whose，但詞序不同，即whose+名詞=the +名詞+of which。如：

　　1. Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from _________ effects the people are still suffering. (天津卷)

　　A. that?????????? ??? B. whose? ?????????? C. those? ???????????? D. what

　　2. George Orwell, _________was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. (北京卷)

　　A. the real name?????? ???????????????? ???? B. what his real name

　　C. his real name????? ?????????????????????? D. whose real name

　　解析：這兩道題考查由whose引導的定語從句，whose在題中表示所屬關系。

　　第六種類型：考查分隔式定語從句

　　即所考查的定語從句與先行詞之間插有其他修飾語。做題時應撇開其中的修飾語，直接將先行詞與定語從句聯(lián)系起來。如：

　　1. The film brought the hours back to me _________ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (全國卷)

　　A. until?? ??????????? B. that??? ??????????? C. when? ??????????? D. where

　　2. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _________ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. (北京春季卷)

　　A. that??? ?????? ???? B. while??? ???????? C. which??? ??? ???? D. when

　　解析：第1題選C，先行詞是the hours，back to me 是插入先行詞與定語從句之間的干擾成分；第2題選D，定語從句修飾的先行詞是an exciting moment。第七種類型：考查關系詞省略的限制性定語從句

　　1.—Why does she always ask you for help?

　　—There is no one else _________, is there? (北京卷)

　　A. who to turn to ??????? ???? B. she can turn to

　　C. for whom to turn ????? ?? D. for her to turn

　　解析：此題答案選B，先行詞是no one else，she can turn to前省略了作賓語的關系代詞whom或who。值得注意的是，本句還可以寫成to whom she can turn。

　　2. What surprised me was not what he said but _________ he said it. (年湖北卷)

　　A. the way???????? ???????? ???? B. in the way that

　　C. in the way????? ??????? ???? D. the way which

　　解析：此題答案選A，考查the way后接定語從句的用法。the way后接定語從句有三種用法：(1) 用in which引導；(2) 用that引導；(3) 省略關系詞。此題屬于第三種用法。

　　?

　　第八種類型：考查定語從句與其他知識點的綜合運用

　　1. He is the only one of the students who _________ a winner of scholarship for three years. (上海春季卷)

　　A. is???? ???????? ???? B. are　 　?????????? C. have been ????? ?D. has been

　　解析：此題形式上好像只是考查主謂一致和時態(tài)的運用，實際上關鍵是確定先行詞。代詞one前是否有定冠詞決定定語從句中的謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式，one of the students中的先行詞是the students，定語從句的謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式；但此處the only one of the students中的先行詞是the only one，所以定語從句中的謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。而且句子中因為有狀語for three years，要用現(xiàn)在完成時，所以綜合判斷后答案只能是D。

　　2. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _________ I will always treasure. (全國卷)

　　A. that?? ????????? ??? B. one ????????????? ?? C. it ??????????????? ??? D. what

　　解析：答案選B。題中的one是an unforgettable moment的同位語，同時也是先行詞，其后就是一個定語從句，I always treasure前省略了作賓語的關系代詞that，treasure在這里是及物動詞，意思是“銘記，珍藏”。