探討A類雅思閱讀判斷題的標準

　　雅思學術類考試作為準備出國學習的一項成績，在很多學子的出國路上造成了不小的障礙。而閱讀部分一大難點是其變化多端、紛繁復雜的題型，這些題型粗粗地算來可以分為九大類：標題對應題、真假判斷題、總結題、簡答題、句子完成題、圖表填空題、配對題、選擇題、流程圖題。在這些題型當中，真假判斷題占到了將近40%。所以判斷題的做題好壞直接決定了考生在閱讀上的成績。

　　在是非無判斷題的考試中，考生要對試卷上所列出的一系列命題進行判斷。如果這些陳述句是反映觀點或者態度的，那么考生的任務就是判斷這些句子是否和作者的觀點一致。在這種情況下，答案的選擇是YESNO或者是NOT GIVEN。如果這些陳述句表述的內容是有關事實信息，那么考生就要判斷這些句子是否和文中的信息一致。在這種情況下，答案的選擇是TRUEFALSE或者是NOT GIVEN。這里要特別說明的是在考試中YESNONOT GIVEN和TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN只是考試形式的區別，在判斷方式上并沒有本質區別。

　　一、判斷標準

　　那么，我們需要拿什么標準來判斷我們的命題是否正確呢?現在有很多不同的說法，在多年的教學經驗的基礎上，我總結出了這樣的標準：

　　TRUE或YES：所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點詞匯和原文中的表達完全對應。

　　FALSE或NO：所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個考點詞匯和原文中的表達想矛盾。

　　NOT GIVEN：所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯誤的前提之下，至少有一個考點詞匯文章沒有提到相關內容。

　　用表格的形式表述如下：

　　二、實例分析

　　下面結合劍橋雅思4上面的具體題目來講解一下我的判斷標準。

　　首先來解釋TRUE/YES的標準：所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點詞匯和原文中的表達完全對應。從表述中可以看出，正確的標準是唯一性的，只有在全部考點都正確的情況下，該命題才能被判斷為TRUE/YES。

　　Academic Test 1

　　Reading Passage 1

　　3.

　　題干：It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the pure science that they study at school.

　　原文：Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about pure science, curriculum science.

　　分析：此題答案為TRUE。從兩個句子表達中不難看出，兩句話都是針對children這同一對象，并且在觀點陳述中hold對應harbour都作動詞，表示包含，擁有, mistaken views對應misconceptions,表示錯誤的概念， that they study at school對應curriculum science，在這里curriculum做名詞，表示學校課程的意思。

　　4.

　　題干：The fact that childrens ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.

　　原文：These misconceptions do no remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification.

　　分析：雖然原文是一個長難句，但從表達意思的主體上來看并沒有太大的改變。childrens ideas about science對應these misconceptions，都指的兒童對于科學的認識，只不過文章中表達為錯誤的概念，form part of a larger framework of ideas對應do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework，都表達了兒童的觀點形成了一個大的框架的觀點，區別就在于文章對這個框架作了一些詳細的描述，means that it is easier to change them對應making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification，在這里，考點的對應集中在了easier 正好對應了文章中的more accessible, to change them對應了modification.

　　7.

　　題干：The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at childrens understanding of rainforests.

　　原文：These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils views about the use and conservation of rainforest...

　　分析：在這里，關鍵的考點對應集中在了follows on from對應了consistent，都表示一致的意思，a series of studies that have looked at childrens understanding of rainforests對應了our previous studies of pupils views about the use and conservation of rainforest，同樣表示了之前已經研究過的兒童對于熱帶雨林的觀點。

　　Academic Test 3

　　Reading Passage 1

　　12

　　題干：The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.

　　原文：All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans...generally the rates have been modest

　　分析：題干中表達the children have to pay back... more money than they borrowed對應文章中All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans，全部計劃都要收利息，所以兒童必須還錢，并且有了利息的存在，所以兒童要還比他借的錢多的一部分的錢;并且，slightly對應了modest, generally the rates have been modest，利率不多，并且比銀行的要低，所以只高出了一點點。

　　Academic Test 4

　　Reading Passage 1

　　1.

　　題干：Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.

　　原文：Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records......

　　分析：about 1900對應the early years of the twentieth century，Modern official athletic records date from對應when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records

　　6.

　　題干：The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at a younger age.

　　原文：Over the past century,...but with increasing global participation in athletic-----and greater rewards to tempt athletes-----it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.

　　分析：The growing international importance of athletics對應with increasing global participation in athletic-----and greater rewards to tempt athletes, gifted athletes對應individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance，recognised at a younger age對應more likely...can be identified early.

　　從這些例子中可以看出，所有被判斷為正確的陳述表達無一例外的都和文章中的考點表達存在一一對應的關系。

　　接下來，來看看FALSE / NO的判斷標準：所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個考點詞匯和原文中的表達想矛盾。無論其他的考點是什么結論，只需要其中有一個考點是錯誤的，那么這個命題的答案就是錯誤的。

　　Academic Test 1

　　Reading Passage 1

　　1.

　　題干：The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.

　　原文：In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage......

　　分析：ignored與coverage矛盾，文章表達了媒體關注了雨林，而題干的表達卻是忽視，二者相矛盾，因此為錯誤。

　　5.

　　題干：The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as are there any rainforests in Africa?

　　原文：Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions.

　　分析：題干中說的是一般疑問句的提問方式，而文章中給出的信息是five open-form questions，意思為特殊疑問詞提問的問題，相矛盾，鼓為錯誤。

　　Academic Test 2

　　Reading Passage 1

　　10.

　　題干：The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.

　　原文：Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have feweer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.

　　分析：文章中給出的信息看出，Navajo is considered endangered可以和The Navajo language will die out對應，但是文章中說的Navajo給出它有150,000個說話的人，從數量上來說并不少，而題干中說it currently has too few speakers相矛盾，故為錯誤。

　　Academic Test 3

　　Reading Passage 1

　　9.

　　題干：Any street child can set up their own small business if give enough support.

　　原文：Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child.

　　分析：題干中說任何街道兒童都有機會建立他們自己的小生意，而原文中說成為企業家并不是每個人能做，也并不是每一個街道兒童能做，二者表述相互矛盾。

　　11.

　　題干：Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.

　　原文：The loan amount in S.K.I programs have generally ranged from US30-100.

　　分析：文章中給出信息貸款數量是可以變化的，但題干中的fixed loan是固定貸款的意思，相互矛盾。

　　從以上的例子中可以看出，命題表達中至少會有一個考點需要做出判斷，無論其他考點如何，只要我們能從中找出一個考點是錯誤的，那么該命題就是錯誤的。

　　最后，我們來看看NOT GIVEN的判斷標準：所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯誤的前提之下，至少有一個考點詞匯文章沒有提到相關內容。從表述中可以看出，被判斷的命題中，首先不能有錯誤的成分存在，因為只要出現了錯誤點，那么該命題就是FALSE/NO了。只有在沒有錯誤點出現的情況下，至少有一個考點文章中沒有提到，那么該命題就可以被判斷為NOT GIVEN。而在考試中，有一種NOT GIVEN情況很好判斷，就是全文沒有找到相關內容，那么就可以直接下結論了。看看下面的例子：

　　Academic Test 1

　　Reading Passage 1

　　6.

　　題干：Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests destruction.

　　原文：More girls than boys raised the idea of rainforest as animal habitatsmore girls than boys said that rainforests provided human habitats.

　　分析：從原文的表達中可以找到題干的部分信息Girls are more likely than boys，但是后半部分信息在文章中沒有出現，所以該命題為NOT GIVEN。

　　8.

　　題干：A second study has been planned to investigate primary school childrens ideas about rainforests.

　　原文：One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children

　　分析：從題干和原文的表述中可以看出，二者并不存在對應關系，所以答案為NOT GIVEN。

　　Academic Test 2

　　Reading Passage 2

　　21.

　　題干：Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.

　　原文：Part of the incentive was financial, Dr. Laver said.The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.

　　分析：題干中的關鍵點在于中醫的工資比其他醫生要高，而原文只陳述了從事中醫這一行的人很多是商人，他們為了能留住顧客，也想提供同樣的服務，但并不能得出結論說中醫就比其他醫生工資高的結論，二者表述不相關，答案為NOT GIVEN。

　　Academic Test 3

　　Reading Passage 1

　　10.

　　題干：In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.

　　原文：There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program

　　分析：題干中提到家庭需要獲得財政資助，但是文章中只是談到說能有父母或者監護人的參與會有很多好處，并沒有提到說家庭需要財政資助的問題，二者并不相關，所以為NOT GIVEN。

　　從這些例子中可以看出，在判斷中，只要命題中沒有錯誤信息出現，而同時又有考點在文章中找不到匹配的信息，那么該命題的答案就是NOT GIVEN。

　　雅思學術類考試作為準備出國學習的一項成績，在很多學子的出國路上造成了不小的障礙。而閱讀部分一大難點是其變化多端、紛繁復雜的題型，這些題型粗粗地算來可以分為九大類：標題對應題、真假判斷題、總結題、簡答題、句子完成題、圖表填空題、配對題、選擇題、流程圖題。在這些題型當中，真假判斷題占到了將近40%。所以判斷題的做題好壞直接決定了考生在閱讀上的成績。

　　在是非無判斷題的考試中，考生要對試卷上所列出的一系列命題進行判斷。如果這些陳述句是反映觀點或者態度的，那么考生的任務就是判斷這些句子是否和作者的觀點一致。在這種情況下，答案的選擇是YESNO或者是NOT GIVEN。如果這些陳述句表述的內容是有關事實信息，那么考生就要判斷這些句子是否和文中的信息一致。在這種情況下，答案的選擇是TRUEFALSE或者是NOT GIVEN。這里要特別說明的是在考試中YESNONOT GIVEN和TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN只是考試形式的區別，在判斷方式上并沒有本質區別。

　　一、判斷標準

　　那么，我們需要拿什么標準來判斷我們的命題是否正確呢?現在有很多不同的說法，在多年的教學經驗的基礎上，我總結出了這樣的標準：

　　TRUE或YES：所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點詞匯和原文中的表達完全對應。

　　FALSE或NO：所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個考點詞匯和原文中的表達想矛盾。

　　NOT GIVEN：所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯誤的前提之下，至少有一個考點詞匯文章沒有提到相關內容。

　　用表格的形式表述如下：

　　二、實例分析

　　下面結合劍橋雅思4上面的具體題目來講解一下我的判斷標準。

　　首先來解釋TRUE/YES的標準：所需判斷的陳述句中所有的考點詞匯和原文中的表達完全對應。從表述中可以看出，正確的標準是唯一性的，只有在全部考點都正確的情況下，該命題才能被判斷為TRUE/YES。

　　Academic Test 1

　　Reading Passage 1

　　3.

　　題干：It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the pure science that they study at school.

　　原文：Many studies have shown that children harbour misconceptions about pure science, curriculum science.

　　分析：此題答案為TRUE。從兩個句子表達中不難看出，兩句話都是針對children這同一對象，并且在觀點陳述中hold對應harbour都作動詞，表示包含，擁有, mistaken views對應misconceptions,表示錯誤的概念， that they study at school對應curriculum science，在這里curriculum做名詞，表示學校課程的意思。

　　4.

　　題干：The fact that childrens ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them.

　　原文：These misconceptions do no remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification.

　　分析：雖然原文是一個長難句，但從表達意思的主體上來看并沒有太大的改變。childrens ideas about science對應these misconceptions，都指的兒童對于科學的認識，只不過文章中表達為錯誤的概念，form part of a larger framework of ideas對應do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organised, conceptual framework，都表達了兒童的觀點形成了一個大的框架的觀點，區別就在于文章對這個框架作了一些詳細的描述，means that it is easier to change them對應making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification，在這里，考點的對應集中在了easier 正好對應了文章中的more accessible, to change them對應了modification.

　　7.

　　題干：The study reported here follows on from a series of studies that have looked at childrens understanding of rainforests.

　　原文：These observations are generally consistent with our previous studies of pupils views about the use and conservation of rainforest...

　　分析：在這里，關鍵的考點對應集中在了follows on from對應了consistent，都表示一致的意思，a series of studies that have looked at childrens understanding of rainforests對應了our previous studies of pupils views about the use and conservation of rainforest，同樣表示了之前已經研究過的兒童對于熱帶雨林的觀點。

　　Academic Test 3

　　Reading Passage 1

　　12

　　題干：The children have to pay back slightly more money than they borrowed.

　　原文：All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans...generally the rates have been modest

　　分析：題干中表達the children have to pay back... more money than they borrowed對應文章中All S.K.I programs have charged interest on the loans，全部計劃都要收利息，所以兒童必須還錢，并且有了利息的存在，所以兒童要還比他借的錢多的一部分的錢;并且，slightly對應了modest, generally the rates have been modest，利率不多，并且比銀行的要低，所以只高出了一點點。

　　Academic Test 4

　　Reading Passage 1

　　1.

　　題干：Modern official athletic records date from about 1900.

　　原文：Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records......

　　分析：about 1900對應the early years of the twentieth century，Modern official athletic records date from對應when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records

　　6.

　　題干：The growing international importance of athletics means that gifted athletes can be recognised at a younger age.

　　原文：Over the past century,...but with increasing global participation in athletic-----and greater rewards to tempt athletes-----it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early.

　　分析：The growing international importance of athletics對應with increasing global participation in athletic-----and greater rewards to tempt athletes, gifted athletes對應individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance，recognised at a younger age對應more likely...can be identified early.

　　從這些例子中可以看出，所有被判斷為正確的陳述表達無一例外的都和文章中的考點表達存在一一對應的關系。

　　接下來，來看看FALSE / NO的判斷標準：所需判斷的陳述句中至少有一個考點詞匯和原文中的表達想矛盾。無論其他的考點是什么結論，只需要其中有一個考點是錯誤的，那么這個命題的答案就是錯誤的。

　　Academic Test 1

　　Reading Passage 1

　　1.

　　題干：The plight of the rainforests has largely been ignored by the media.

　　原文：In the face of the frequent and often vivid media coverage......

　　分析：ignored與coverage矛盾，文章表達了媒體關注了雨林，而題干的表達卻是忽視，二者相矛盾，因此為錯誤。

　　5.

　　題干：The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as are there any rainforests in Africa?

　　原文：Secondary school children were asked to complete a questionnaire containing five open-form questions.

　　分析：題干中說的是一般疑問句的提問方式，而文章中給出的信息是five open-form questions，意思為特殊疑問詞提問的問題，相矛盾，鼓為錯誤。

　　Academic Test 2

　　Reading Passage 1

　　10.

　　題干：The Navajo language will die out because it currently has too few speakers.

　　原文：Only 250 languages have more than a million speakers, and at least 3,000 have feweer than 2,500. It is not necessarily these small languages that are about to disappear. Navajo is considered endangered despite having 150,000 speakers.

　　分析：文章中給出的信息看出，Navajo is considered endangered可以和The Navajo language will die out對應，但是文章中說的Navajo給出它有150,000個說話的人，從數量上來說并不少，而題干中說it currently has too few speakers相矛盾，故為錯誤。

　　Academic Test 3

　　Reading Passage 1

　　9.

　　題干：Any street child can set up their own small business if give enough support.

　　原文：Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child.

　　分析：題干中說任何街道兒童都有機會建立他們自己的小生意，而原文中說成為企業家并不是每個人能做，也并不是每一個街道兒童能做，二者表述相互矛盾。

　　11.

　　題干：Only one fixed loan should be given to each child.

　　原文：The loan amount in S.K.I programs have generally ranged from US30-100.

　　分析：文章中給出信息貸款數量是可以變化的，但題干中的fixed loan是固定貸款的意思，相互矛盾。

　　從以上的例子中可以看出，命題表達中至少會有一個考點需要做出判斷，無論其他考點如何，只要我們能從中找出一個考點是錯誤的，那么該命題就是錯誤的。

　　最后，我們來看看NOT GIVEN的判斷標準：所需判斷的陳述句中在沒有錯誤的前提之下，至少有一個考點詞匯文章沒有提到相關內容。從表述中可以看出，被判斷的命題中，首先不能有錯誤的成分存在，因為只要出現了錯誤點，那么該命題就是FALSE/NO了。只有在沒有錯誤點出現的情況下，至少有一個考點文章中沒有提到，那么該命題就可以被判斷為NOT GIVEN。而在考試中，有一種NOT GIVEN情況很好判斷，就是全文沒有找到相關內容，那么就可以直接下結論了。看看下面的例子：

　　Academic Test 1

　　Reading Passage 1

　　6.

　　題干：Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests destruction.

　　原文：More girls than boys raised the idea of rainforest as animal habitatsmore girls than boys said that rainforests provided human habitats.

　　分析：從原文的表達中可以找到題干的部分信息Girls are more likely than boys，但是后半部分信息在文章中沒有出現，所以該命題為NOT GIVEN。

　　8.

　　題干：A second study has been planned to investigate primary school childrens ideas about rainforests.

　　原文：One encouragement is that the results of similar studies about other environmental issues suggest that older children

　　分析：從題干和原文的表述中可以看出，二者并不存在對應關系，所以答案為NOT GIVEN。

　　Academic Test 2

　　Reading Passage 2

　　21.

　　題干：Alternative therapists earn higher salaries than doctors.

　　原文：Part of the incentive was financial, Dr. Laver said.The bottom line is that most general practitioners are business people. If they see potential clientele going elsewhere, they might want to be able to offer a similar service.

　　分析：題干中的關鍵點在于中醫的工資比其他醫生要高，而原文只陳述了從事中醫這一行的人很多是商人，他們為了能留住顧客，也想提供同樣的服務，但并不能得出結論說中醫就比其他醫生工資高的結論，二者表述不相關，答案為NOT GIVEN。

　　Academic Test 3

　　Reading Passage 1

　　10.

　　題干：In some cases, the families of street children may need financial support from S.K.I.

　　原文：There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program

　　分析：題干中提到家庭需要獲得財政資助，但是文章中只是談到說能有父母或者監護人的參與會有很多好處，并沒有提到說家庭需要財政資助的問題，二者并不相關，所以為NOT GIVEN。

　　從這些例子中可以看出，在判斷中，只要命題中沒有錯誤信息出現，而同時又有考點在文章中找不到匹配的信息，那么該命題的答案就是NOT GIVEN。