雅思閱讀材料：農(nóng)民工的困擾 Problems for migrants

由雕龍文庫 分享時(shí)間：2024-03-11 08:08:22 收藏本文

　農(nóng)民工，是指在本地鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)或者進(jìn)入城鎮(zhèn)務(wù)工的農(nóng)業(yè)戶口人員，農(nóng)民工是我國(guó)特有的城鄉(xiāng)二元體制的產(chǎn)物，是我國(guó)在特殊的歷史時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)特殊的社會(huì)群體。農(nóng)民工有廣義和狹義之分：廣義的農(nóng)民工包括兩部分人，一部分是在本地鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)就業(yè)的離土不離鄉(xiāng)的農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力，一部分是外出進(jìn)入城鎮(zhèn)從事二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)的離土又離鄉(xiāng)的農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力；狹義的農(nóng)民工主要是指后一部分人。據(jù)有關(guān)部門的調(diào)查，我國(guó)狹義農(nóng)民工的數(shù)量為1.2億人左右，廣義農(nóng)民工的數(shù)量大約為2億人。

　　摘要：新生代農(nóng)民工何去何從？文章從幾項(xiàng)調(diào)查中得出結(jié)論，農(nóng)民工數(shù)量居高不下，城市為他們提供的生活教育條件卻是難得有改變。讓我們一起來關(guān)注最值得關(guān)注的群體，盡可能改善他們的生產(chǎn)生活條件。

　　Problems for migrants

　　農(nóng)民工的困擾

　　Dont complain about things that you cant change

　　不要抱怨你不能改變的事情

　　After a generation of migration, barriers to social mobility remain.

　　整整一代人遷徙之后，社會(huì)流動(dòng)的障礙仍然存在。

　　THE greatest wave of voluntary migration in human history transformed Chinas cities, and the global economy, in a single generation. It has also created a huge task for those cities, by raising the expectations of the next generation of migrants from the countryside, and of second-generation migrant children. They have grown up in cities in which neither the jobs nor the education offered them have improved much.This matters because the next generation of migrants has already arrived in staggering numbers. Shanghais migrant population almost trebled between 2000 and 2010, to 9m of the municipalitys 23m people. Nearly 60% of Shanghais 7.5m or so 20-to-34-year-olds are migrants.

　　人類史上最大規(guī)模的自愿遷徙波在一代人之間，改變了中國(guó)城市，改變了世界經(jīng)濟(jì)，同時(shí)也為那些被改變的城帶來巨大的負(fù)擔(dān)。因?yàn)樗麄兲岣吡藖碜赞r(nóng)村的下一代農(nóng)民工的期望，提高了農(nóng)民工子女們（新生代農(nóng)民工）的期望。農(nóng)民工的孩子成長(zhǎng)在城市，而城市給他們提供的工作或者教育卻絲毫沒有改進(jìn)。改進(jìn)與否關(guān)系重大，因?yàn)橄乱淮r(nóng)民工數(shù)量激增。2000年至2023年間，上海農(nóng)民工數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)了近兩倍，市區(qū)2300萬人中的900萬人是農(nóng)民工。上海20到34歲之間大約共有750萬人，近60%都是農(nóng)民工。

　　Many have ended up in the same jobs and dormitory beds as their parents did. A survey by the National Bureau of Statistics found that 44% of young migrants worked in manufacturing and another 10% in construction. This and another recent survey suggest that young migrants are dissatisfied with their lot and, despite large pay rises for factory work in recent years, with their salaries, too. Those who grew up partly in the cities with their parents have expectations of a comfortable life that are more difficult to satisfy. Their ambitions frustrated, many do something their parents did not: they leave one job, and find another. And then leave again.

　　很多年輕的農(nóng)民工干著父輩們干過的活兒，睡著父輩們睡過的集體床鋪。國(guó)家統(tǒng)計(jì)局一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示，44%的年輕農(nóng)民工在制造業(yè)工作，另10%則在建筑工地。這項(xiàng)調(diào)差和另一項(xiàng)近期調(diào)查表明，盡管近年來工廠工作大幅加薪，工人工資也大幅增長(zhǎng)，年輕的農(nóng)民工們?nèi)匀徊粷M意自己的處境。在城市里跟隨父母一起長(zhǎng)大的年輕人們向往的舒適生活就更難實(shí)現(xiàn)了。他們的美好愿望受到挫折，其中很多人做出一些父輩人不會(huì)做出來的事：他們辭掉一份工作，找到另一份；然后再辭掉。

　　The Centre for Child-Rights and Corporate Social Responsibility, a partner in Beijing of Save the Children Sweden, conducted a survey of young textile workers in five provinces in 2011. A majority had changed jobs at least twice since starting work in the previous two or three years. Nearly half worried about the monotony of their work and despaired of their career prospects. Only 8.6% reported being comfortable at work. One worker told researchers: We have become robots, and I dont want to be a robot who only works with machines.

　　北京的一家瑞典拯救兒童機(jī)構(gòu)的合伙人兒童權(quán)利和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任中心在2011年對(duì)全國(guó)五個(gè)省的紡織工人做過一項(xiàng)調(diào)查。在開始工作的兩年或三年時(shí)間里，大部分人至少換過兩次工作。近一半人厭煩工作的千篇一律，對(duì)自己的職業(yè)前景感到失望。只有8.6%的人稱工作舒適。一位工人告訴調(diào)查者：我們都成機(jī)器人了，可我不想當(dāng)只能跟機(jī)器工作的機(jī)器人。

　　Tied to the land牢牢地束縛到土地上

　　One obstacle to a better job is their parents. In Chinas system of household registration , children born to rurally registered parents count as rural, even if their parents have migrated to the city, and regardless of where they themselves were born. In 2010 Shanghai was home to 390,000 children under the age of six who were officially classified as migrants.

　　找不到好工作的一個(gè)原因來源于他們父母。在中國(guó)的戶籍登記制度（戶口）里，父母是農(nóng)村戶口的，孩子也被看成農(nóng)村戶口，即便父母早已遷往城里，孩子出生在城市。2010年，上海有39萬六歲以下的兒童被官方認(rèn)定為移民。

　　They are fated to grow up on a separate path from children of Shanghainese parents. Migrant children are eligible to attend local primary and middle schools, but barred from Shanghais high schools. They receive better schooling and social benefits than their parents did, and some pursue different types of work , but their status and their education are still more likely to lead to an assembly line than a university classroom.

　　他們注定要走一條跟土生土長(zhǎng)上海人孩子不一樣的路。農(nóng)民工子女可以進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)匦W(xué)初中，不過不能進(jìn)上海的高中。他們比他們的父母接受更好的教育和社會(huì)福利，有一些人能追求不同類型的工作，但是他們的身份和所受教育更有利于他們進(jìn)流水線而不是大學(xué)課堂。

　　For years reformers have called for changes in the hukou system. Children with a rural hukou want to lead a better life than their parents did. Many have never worked on the farm, but the system denies them a fair chance to move up the ladder.

　　好多年以來，改革者一直呼吁改革戶口制度。有農(nóng)村戶口的孩子想過上比父母好的生活，他們其中很多人沒有下過地，但是受制度限制，他們沒有公平的機(jī)會(huì)往上爬。

　　This is unlikely to change soon. First, Chinas factories still need large numbers of migrants, and the system now in place ensures that many of them will seek work there. Second, Chinese cities have welcomed migrants without a coherent plan to educate them. Shanghai had 170,000 students enrolled in high school in 2010, but there were 570,000 migrant children aged 15 to 19 living in the city who were unable to attend those schools. The Shanghai government needs to provide its educational resources to the locals first, says Xu Benliang, deputy director of the Shanghai Charity Education and Training Centre, which teaches young migrants how to get on in life. Mr Xu says the centre tries to tell migrants: Dont complain about things that you cant change.

　　這種狀況不大可能短期內(nèi)得到改善。首先，中國(guó)的工廠仍大量需要農(nóng)民工，這套制度目前能夠保證大部分農(nóng)民工在城里找工作；第二，中國(guó)的城市歡迎農(nóng)民工，卻沒有配套的教育計(jì)劃。2010年，上海高中錄取17萬學(xué)生，而57萬15到19歲之間居住在上海的農(nóng)民工子女不能進(jìn)上海的高中上學(xué)。上海慈善教育培訓(xùn)中心副主任徐本良說，上海政府要首先給本地人提供教育資源。而該中心教育農(nóng)民工如何出人頭地。徐先生聲稱，該中心試圖告訴農(nóng)民工兄弟們，不要抱怨你不能改變的事情不能改變事情時(shí)，就不能抱怨

　　One educational option that is left to the brightest young migrants is vocational school, where students are taught a trade. At a suburban campus of the Shanghai Vocational School of Technology and Business, half the students are migrants and half are local Shanghainese . Because the locals tend to be those who failed to secure the prized slots in formal Shanghai high schools, the migrant students here are the stars.

　　留給最聰明的年輕農(nóng)民工們的一條出路，就是進(jìn)職業(yè)學(xué)校，在那里學(xué)技術(shù)。上海商業(yè)職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院的一所郊外校區(qū)里，一半的學(xué)生是農(nóng)民工，一半是上海本地人（五年前，7個(gè)人里才有1個(gè)是農(nóng)民工）。因?yàn)楫?dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)生一般是那些混不上正式的上海高中的，農(nóng)民工學(xué)生在這里就是明星。

　　Zhang Xiaohan is 16. She moved to Shanghai five years ago from Henan province in central China in order to be with her migrant parents. Her father is a furniture salesman and her mother works in a shop. She studies computing. Ms Zhang would prefer a diploma from a Shanghai high school and the better chance at a university education that would bring, but she admits, I need to accept reality. I need to adapt.