趙夢婕：雅思寫作大作文之“全球化”
很多烤鴨們發(fā)現(xiàn)寫作是他們的硬傷，有學(xué)生考了很多次的雅思，總是會(huì)卡在寫作上。有一個(gè)學(xué)生為了達(dá)到國外高校四項(xiàng)不低于六的要求考了四次雅思，每次都是寫作過不了。當(dāng)然也有些總分可以考到七分以上的高分考生也總出現(xiàn)寫作只有五分的情況。可以說寫作能考高分的學(xué)生總分一般不會(huì)差，因此得寫作者，得雅思考試。除此之外，寫作也是同學(xué)們在海外學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，無數(shù)的essay, dissertation,動(dòng)輒要求幾千字，到了研究生階段還需要上萬字，還需要要求思想深度，很多海外學(xué)子就因?yàn)檫@個(gè)而難以畢業(yè)。所以就有人戲稱在國外學(xué)習(xí)，我要么是在寫essay,要么是在去寫essay的路上。
那如何才能提高寫作成績和寫作水平呢?雅思寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有一項(xiàng)叫做LR,其中7分的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求需要寫出less common lexical items，因此很多想要沖擊高分的考生會(huì)去準(zhǔn)備很多又長又復(fù)雜的單詞，但背過之后發(fā)現(xiàn)也不會(huì)用，自己寫出的文章還是非常簡單。那這究竟是怎么回事呢?因?yàn)槲覀冎缹懽骺谡Z都是輸出型的測試，只有足夠的輸入才有可能進(jìn)行有效的輸出。而寫作的輸入就是閱讀，只有經(jīng)過充分的閱讀，擁有了足夠的素材，在寫作的時(shí)候才能夠游刃有余。那到底要讀什么呢?考雅思的學(xué)生一定會(huì)做劍橋雅思的閱讀，其實(shí)這些閱讀文章有很多都可以成為我們寫作的良好素材。舉個(gè)例子給大家示范一下：
比如劍橋雅思5Test1 Reading P3 The Truth about the Environment
Many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.
這句話里的nurture這個(gè)詞就用的非常巧妙，很多學(xué)生只會(huì)說many people think
可以學(xué)習(xí)一下這里nurture的用法：Nurture: to have a feeling, an idea, a plan, etc. for a long time and encourage it to develop 滋長，助長
正所謂He owns a gifted pen, who reads tremendously，因此多讀才能寫好。除了劍橋雅思里的閱讀文章外，要想去得雅思寫作高分或者提高寫作水平的學(xué)生還可以去讀一些英文的報(bào)刊雜志，比如Economist, Time等等。不僅是學(xué)習(xí)英語，還可以擴(kuò)大視野了解西方文化環(huán)境，加深對西方社會(huì)的了解。尤其對于廣大學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)、金融、傳媒、國際關(guān)系等專業(yè)的同學(xué)們來說更是非常有必要的。
從本期開始，就請大家跟我一起讀英文，練寫作吧!今天我們用Economist的一篇文章做例子，給大家講一下雅思寫作大作文中一個(gè)常考的話題Globalisation。
比如這幾個(gè)雅思真題：
2023.1.7 Some people think developing countries should invite large foreign companies to open offices and factories to grow their economies. Others think the developing countries should keep large companies out and develop local companies instead. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
2023.2.9 The spread of multinational companies and the resulting increase of globalization produce positive effects to everyone. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
在雅思寫作中，經(jīng)常會(huì)考察全球化的影響，由于很多學(xué)生不會(huì)用英語表達(dá)，導(dǎo)致寫的文章也不夠生動(dòng)。那么我們就一起來看看Economist中是怎么寫的吧?
1 GLOBALISATION has become the buzzword of the last two decades.
Buzzword:流行詞
2 The sudden increase in the exchange of knowledge, trade and capital around the world, driven by technological innovation, from the internet to shipping containers, thrust the term into the limelight.
這句話對全球化的定義做了解釋，也就是我們寫作中的解釋說明的論證方法。其中，driven by technological innovation, 是插入語，這也是寫作中非常好的表達(dá)方法。thrust the term into the limelight 指的是將其推入了人們的視野當(dāng)中，也就是說全球化變得流行起來，可以替換同學(xué)們經(jīng)常使用的become popular這個(gè)表達(dá)。
3 Globalisation has enriched the world scientifically and culturally, and benefited many people economically as well. The United Nations has even predicted that the forces of globalisation may have the power to eradicate poverty in the 21st century.
這句話最大的特色就是動(dòng)詞和副詞的使用。很多學(xué)生在寫作的時(shí)候受母語漢語的遷移影響，總是會(huì)首先想到do/make/let等動(dòng)詞，這在英語中是不夠地道地表達(dá)，因此我們要學(xué)習(xí)英語中各種動(dòng)詞的豐富使用，比如這句話中的enrich，benefit，eradicate。在論證方法上，這兩句是在講全球化的有利之處，第二句話是進(jìn)一步的解釋論證，而且使用了UN的預(yù)測，很多學(xué)生在進(jìn)行舉例論證的時(shí)候總是列舉個(gè)人的小例子，很沒有說服力。
4 Globalisation has been attacked by critics of free market economics, for perpetuating inequality in the world rather than reducing it. The International Monetary Fund admitted in 2007 that inequality levels may have been increased by the introduction of new technology and the investment of foreign capital in developing countries.
這一句話說的是全球化的不利影響，開頭使用的be attacked by critics 表示被批評(píng)和指責(zé)，比起同學(xué)們常用的disagree要好多了，可以借鑒學(xué)習(xí)。第二句話使用了IMF的例子論證了全球化加劇了不平等性這個(gè)壞處。
5 However, economic historians reckon the question of whether the benefits of globalisation outweigh the downsides is more complicated than this. For them, the answer depends on when you say the process of globalisation started. But why does it matter whether globalisation started 20, 200, or even 2,000 years ago? Their answer is that it is impossible to say how much of a good thing a process is in history without first defining for how long it has been going on.
這句話表明了全球化這個(gè)問題的復(fù)雜性，其中reckon這個(gè)詞用來表示觀點(diǎn)也非常好。
6 But it is clear that globalisation is not simply a process that started in the last two decades or even the last two centuries. It has a history that stretches thousands of years, starting with Smiths primitive hunter-gatherers trading with the next village, and eventually developing into the globally interconnected societies of today. Whether you think globalisation is a good thing or not, it appears to be an essential element of the economic history of mankind.
這篇文章從亞當(dāng)斯密的《國富論》開始講起，回顧了全球化的歷史，最后得出結(jié)論它已經(jīng)是人類經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展史的一個(gè)不可分割的組成部分。如果希望對全球化這個(gè)問題有更深入了解的同學(xué)，可以看一下這篇文章的原文。另外，文章的結(jié)尾還附上了一些參考文獻(xiàn)，有很多都是我在倫敦政經(jīng)求學(xué)期間學(xué)習(xí)全球化理論時(shí)教授推薦閱讀的經(jīng)典文章，比如Fisher, D.， Bateman, V. N.，Hopkins, A. G.等的著作。
相信通過補(bǔ)充上述素材，同學(xué)們不僅對全球化問題相關(guān)的英文表達(dá)又有了進(jìn)一步提高，而且對這個(gè)熱門話題也有了更深層次的認(rèn)識(shí)和體會(huì)。
參考資料：
劍橋雅思5，Cambridge University Press,2006.
Economist
Bateman, V. N. . Markets and Growth in Early Modern Europe. Pickering Chatto.
Fisher, D. The Price Revolution: A Monetary Interpretation.The Journal of Economic History,49, 883-902.
Hopkins, A. G. . . Globalization in World History.W. W. Norton.
很多烤鴨們發(fā)現(xiàn)寫作是他們的硬傷，有學(xué)生考了很多次的雅思，總是會(huì)卡在寫作上。有一個(gè)學(xué)生為了達(dá)到國外高校四項(xiàng)不低于六的要求考了四次雅思，每次都是寫作過不了。當(dāng)然也有些總分可以考到七分以上的高分考生也總出現(xiàn)寫作只有五分的情況。可以說寫作能考高分的學(xué)生總分一般不會(huì)差，因此得寫作者，得雅思考試。除此之外，寫作也是同學(xué)們在海外學(xué)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)，無數(shù)的essay, dissertation,動(dòng)輒要求幾千字，到了研究生階段還需要上萬字，還需要要求思想深度，很多海外學(xué)子就因?yàn)檫@個(gè)而難以畢業(yè)。所以就有人戲稱在國外學(xué)習(xí)，我要么是在寫essay,要么是在去寫essay的路上。
那如何才能提高寫作成績和寫作水平呢?雅思寫作評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)有一項(xiàng)叫做LR,其中7分的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求需要寫出less common lexical items，因此很多想要沖擊高分的考生會(huì)去準(zhǔn)備很多又長又復(fù)雜的單詞，但背過之后發(fā)現(xiàn)也不會(huì)用，自己寫出的文章還是非常簡單。那這究竟是怎么回事呢?因?yàn)槲覀冎缹懽骺谡Z都是輸出型的測試，只有足夠的輸入才有可能進(jìn)行有效的輸出。而寫作的輸入就是閱讀，只有經(jīng)過充分的閱讀，擁有了足夠的素材，在寫作的時(shí)候才能夠游刃有余。那到底要讀什么呢?考雅思的學(xué)生一定會(huì)做劍橋雅思的閱讀，其實(shí)這些閱讀文章有很多都可以成為我們寫作的良好素材。舉個(gè)例子給大家示范一下：
比如劍橋雅思5Test1 Reading P3 The Truth about the Environment
Many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.
這句話里的nurture這個(gè)詞就用的非常巧妙，很多學(xué)生只會(huì)說many people think
可以學(xué)習(xí)一下這里nurture的用法：Nurture: to have a feeling, an idea, a plan, etc. for a long time and encourage it to develop 滋長，助長
正所謂He owns a gifted pen, who reads tremendously，因此多讀才能寫好。除了劍橋雅思里的閱讀文章外，要想去得雅思寫作高分或者提高寫作水平的學(xué)生還可以去讀一些英文的報(bào)刊雜志，比如Economist, Time等等。不僅是學(xué)習(xí)英語，還可以擴(kuò)大視野了解西方文化環(huán)境，加深對西方社會(huì)的了解。尤其對于廣大學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)、金融、傳媒、國際關(guān)系等專業(yè)的同學(xué)們來說更是非常有必要的。
從本期開始，就請大家跟我一起讀英文，練寫作吧!今天我們用Economist的一篇文章做例子，給大家講一下雅思寫作大作文中一個(gè)常考的話題Globalisation。
比如這幾個(gè)雅思真題：
2023.1.7 Some people think developing countries should invite large foreign companies to open offices and factories to grow their economies. Others think the developing countries should keep large companies out and develop local companies instead. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
2023.2.9 The spread of multinational companies and the resulting increase of globalization produce positive effects to everyone. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
在雅思寫作中，經(jīng)常會(huì)考察全球化的影響，由于很多學(xué)生不會(huì)用英語表達(dá)，導(dǎo)致寫的文章也不夠生動(dòng)。那么我們就一起來看看Economist中是怎么寫的吧?
1 GLOBALISATION has become the buzzword of the last two decades.
Buzzword:流行詞
2 The sudden increase in the exchange of knowledge, trade and capital around the world, driven by technological innovation, from the internet to shipping containers, thrust the term into the limelight.
這句話對全球化的定義做了解釋，也就是我們寫作中的解釋說明的論證方法。其中，driven by technological innovation, 是插入語，這也是寫作中非常好的表達(dá)方法。thrust the term into the limelight 指的是將其推入了人們的視野當(dāng)中，也就是說全球化變得流行起來，可以替換同學(xué)們經(jīng)常使用的become popular這個(gè)表達(dá)。
3 Globalisation has enriched the world scientifically and culturally, and benefited many people economically as well. The United Nations has even predicted that the forces of globalisation may have the power to eradicate poverty in the 21st century.
這句話最大的特色就是動(dòng)詞和副詞的使用。很多學(xué)生在寫作的時(shí)候受母語漢語的遷移影響，總是會(huì)首先想到do/make/let等動(dòng)詞，這在英語中是不夠地道地表達(dá)，因此我們要學(xué)習(xí)英語中各種動(dòng)詞的豐富使用，比如這句話中的enrich，benefit，eradicate。在論證方法上，這兩句是在講全球化的有利之處，第二句話是進(jìn)一步的解釋論證，而且使用了UN的預(yù)測，很多學(xué)生在進(jìn)行舉例論證的時(shí)候總是列舉個(gè)人的小例子，很沒有說服力。
4 Globalisation has been attacked by critics of free market economics, for perpetuating inequality in the world rather than reducing it. The International Monetary Fund admitted in 2007 that inequality levels may have been increased by the introduction of new technology and the investment of foreign capital in developing countries.
這一句話說的是全球化的不利影響，開頭使用的be attacked by critics 表示被批評(píng)和指責(zé)，比起同學(xué)們常用的disagree要好多了，可以借鑒學(xué)習(xí)。第二句話使用了IMF的例子論證了全球化加劇了不平等性這個(gè)壞處。
5 However, economic historians reckon the question of whether the benefits of globalisation outweigh the downsides is more complicated than this. For them, the answer depends on when you say the process of globalisation started. But why does it matter whether globalisation started 20, 200, or even 2,000 years ago? Their answer is that it is impossible to say how much of a good thing a process is in history without first defining for how long it has been going on.
這句話表明了全球化這個(gè)問題的復(fù)雜性，其中reckon這個(gè)詞用來表示觀點(diǎn)也非常好。
6 But it is clear that globalisation is not simply a process that started in the last two decades or even the last two centuries. It has a history that stretches thousands of years, starting with Smiths primitive hunter-gatherers trading with the next village, and eventually developing into the globally interconnected societies of today. Whether you think globalisation is a good thing or not, it appears to be an essential element of the economic history of mankind.
這篇文章從亞當(dāng)斯密的《國富論》開始講起，回顧了全球化的歷史，最后得出結(jié)論它已經(jīng)是人類經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展史的一個(gè)不可分割的組成部分。如果希望對全球化這個(gè)問題有更深入了解的同學(xué)，可以看一下這篇文章的原文。另外，文章的結(jié)尾還附上了一些參考文獻(xiàn)，有很多都是我在倫敦政經(jīng)求學(xué)期間學(xué)習(xí)全球化理論時(shí)教授推薦閱讀的經(jīng)典文章，比如Fisher, D.， Bateman, V. N.，Hopkins, A. G.等的著作。
相信通過補(bǔ)充上述素材，同學(xué)們不僅對全球化問題相關(guān)的英文表達(dá)又有了進(jìn)一步提高，而且對這個(gè)熱門話題也有了更深層次的認(rèn)識(shí)和體會(huì)。
參考資料：
劍橋雅思5，Cambridge University Press,2006.
Economist
Bateman, V. N. . Markets and Growth in Early Modern Europe. Pickering Chatto.
Fisher, D. The Price Revolution: A Monetary Interpretation.The Journal of Economic History,49, 883-902.
Hopkins, A. G. . . Globalization in World History.W. W. Norton.
