歷年GRE考試試題閱讀部分難句精選100句
51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
對(duì)于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來說，最好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼――這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流――上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that,難就難在fact之后說明fact 的同位語從句。此從句中既有大段插入語，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語從句的主語是volcanic rocks，主語后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一個(gè)說明islands的同位語islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位語實(shí)際起到一個(gè)分隔主謂的同位語的作用。其后是謂語動(dòng)詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開文章不說，單看這一個(gè)句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from the upper mantle,這應(yīng)該可以推測(cè)出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個(gè)理論一定是在說地幔有不同的層面。
意群訓(xùn)練：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in incompatible elements percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids pathways.
但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對(duì)地幔捕虜巖體所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含不相容成分的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句的主句中有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)插入語however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個(gè)句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids;后面又有一個(gè)同位語和一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個(gè)狀語來修飾那個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復(fù)雜。
意群訓(xùn)練：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in incompatible elements percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids pathways.
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuves blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel.
F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見的長(zhǎng)篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個(gè)人記憶及小說情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開的小說。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞
解釋：本句來自歷來被GRE考生尊稱為所有GRE文科文章中難度第一的普魯斯特的追憶似水年華，這篇文章的難度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的題目。普魯斯特是公認(rèn)的意識(shí)流小說的先驅(qū)，據(jù)筆者推測(cè)，本文的原作者必定是研究普魯斯特的大家，因此其文章必然帶有思維的跳躍，、不連貫性、時(shí)空顛倒等意識(shí)流手法：經(jīng)過ETS的改編后，雖然可讀性略有嗇，然積重難返、無法救藥，于是墮落成一篇流水帳文章。從本句的結(jié)構(gòu)來看，也可以表現(xiàn)作者的這種敘事風(fēng)格：本句從that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句開始，實(shí)際上是以普魯斯特的意識(shí)流向?yàn)榫€索，以列舉的方式描述其動(dòng)機(jī)的變化，從一開始的寫別的小說，其英文為Prout had tried to, abandoned,found,and allowed..。但是因?yàn)閍bandoned之后的狀語for的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、用詞抽象，所以這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不太容易被看出來。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨認(rèn)能力difficult to discern, make out,or discover,視而不見。Give rise to 這個(gè)詞組的意思是引起，使發(fā)生。
意群訓(xùn)練：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuves blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢(mèng)幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列;正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯(cuò)落有致地安排好。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞
解釋：請(qǐng)?jiān)徆P者在此所做中文翻譯的艱澀難懂，為了讓讀者能夠更好地理解句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，本書盡量把中文翻譯與英文原文的語序相對(duì)應(yīng)，而且盡可能的不用意譯。為了達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，可以說絞盡腦汁，但本句之難懂也全非筆者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象詞。本句仍然來自于上面說過的這篇關(guān)于普魯斯特的文章。句中的主語是The very richness and complexity,其后的修飾成分長(zhǎng)達(dá)三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中還夾雜著插入語，有效地分開了主語和謂語。其實(shí)本句雖然結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復(fù)雜，但是不見得比前面的句子復(fù)雜得多，其真正的難點(diǎn)，還在于句子中大量的抽象詞的使用。由于筆者在附錄中所提到的原因，抽象詞可以嚴(yán)重地占據(jù)大腦資源，因此帶有大量的抽象詞的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子就更為難懂，比如本句就是一個(gè)很好的例子，復(fù)雜修飾與抽象詞狼狽為奸，句意另人難以理解。
意群訓(xùn)練：The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolbs newly published complete edition of Prousts correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
但是我們當(dāng)中的那些希望K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細(xì)的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句中從句套從句，致使主語those of us與謂語的距離很遠(yuǎn)，而且中間的成分又極多，使得句子很難讀懂。修飾主語those of us的定語從句who hoped之中又套了一個(gè)賓語從句，賓語從句的主語complete edition又被一前一后的兩個(gè)定語所修飾，之后才依次是賓語從句的謂語、賓語：主句的系動(dòng)詞、表語。
意群訓(xùn)練：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolbs newly published complete edition of Prousts correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
51. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
對(duì)于地幔分層論點(diǎn)來說，最好的證據(jù)乃這樣一個(gè)確認(rèn)的事實(shí)，即在那些海洋島嶼――這些島嶼據(jù)信是源于由下層地幔升上來的地幔柱狀溶巖流――上發(fā)現(xiàn)的火山巖石，是由與海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的物質(zhì)根本不同的物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，而這一海洋中部山脊系統(tǒng)的成因，大多數(shù)地質(zhì)學(xué)家論辯道，為上部地幔。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句前面的主干并不算難，即the evidence is the fact that,難就難在fact之后說明fact 的同位語從句。此從句中既有大段插入語，又有從句，較為難讀。同位語從句的主語是volcanic rocks，主語后面的found on oceanic islands是分詞修飾volcanic rocks的;islands后面又有一個(gè)說明islands的同位語islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle,此同位語實(shí)際起到一個(gè)分隔主謂的同位語的作用。其后是謂語動(dòng)詞are composed/of fundamentally different from that of the midocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle。
句中有一些專有詞匯。如果拋開文章不說，單看這一個(gè)句子，則句首的layered mantle thesis就難以理解。但是如果讀者能夠讀懂句子的大致意思，看到layered mantle thesisr最有力證據(jù)就是其材料fundamentally different from the upper mantle,這應(yīng)該可以推測(cè)出，既然不同于上層地幔，則這個(gè)理論一定是在說地幔有不同的層面。
意群訓(xùn)練：The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle.
52. Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in incompatible elements percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids pathways.
但是，某些地質(zhì)學(xué)家，以對(duì)地幔捕虜巖體所作的觀察為依據(jù)，指出地幔并非是分層排列的，相反，地幔的異質(zhì)性是由那些富含不相容成分的流質(zhì)構(gòu)成的，這些成分趨向于流體而非固體的狀態(tài)，自下而上滲透擴(kuò)散，并依照這些流質(zhì)流向的任意性，不規(guī)則地將上部地幔的某些部分予以改變。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句的主句中有一個(gè)長(zhǎng)插入語however,on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths,割裂了主謂，但句子的主要難度還是在that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，從句中有由but 所連接的兩個(gè)句子，一起延續(xù)到句末。首選是rich in incompatible elements修飾fluids;后面又有一個(gè)同位語和一個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，都是修飾incompatible elements的，最后還有一個(gè)狀語來修飾那個(gè)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，層層修飾，比較復(fù)雜。
意群訓(xùn)練：Some geologists，however，on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered，but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in incompatible elements percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly，according to the vagaries of the fluids pathways.
53. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuves blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over it a steadily developing novel.
F認(rèn)為，P在1908年試圖開始寫一部小說，又為了寫一部批判S-B的 偉大作品的真正本質(zhì)的視而不見的長(zhǎng)篇的證明而放棄了這部小說，其后又發(fā)現(xiàn)這一論文又勾起了其個(gè)人記憶及小說情節(jié)的萌生，使得后者取而代之形成了一部穩(wěn)定展開的小說。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞
解釋：本句來自歷來被GRE考生尊稱為所有GRE文科文章中難度第一的普魯斯特的追憶似水年華，這篇文章的難度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于現(xiàn)在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的題目。普魯斯特是公認(rèn)的意識(shí)流小說的先驅(qū)，據(jù)筆者推測(cè)，本文的原作者必定是研究普魯斯特的大家，因此其文章必然帶有思維的跳躍，、不連貫性、時(shí)空顛倒等意識(shí)流手法：經(jīng)過ETS的改編后，雖然可讀性略有嗇，然積重難返、無法救藥，于是墮落成一篇流水帳文章。從本句的結(jié)構(gòu)來看，也可以表現(xiàn)作者的這種敘事風(fēng)格：本句從that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句開始，實(shí)際上是以普魯斯特的意識(shí)流向?yàn)榫€索，以列舉的方式描述其動(dòng)機(jī)的變化，從一開始的寫別的小說，其英文為Prout had tried to, abandoned,found,and allowed..。但是因?yàn)閍bandoned之后的狀語for的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、用詞抽象，所以這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不太容易被看出來。Blindness在此不是指真盲，而是指缺乏辨認(rèn)能力difficult to discern, make out,or discover,視而不見。Give rise to 這個(gè)詞組的意思是引起，使發(fā)生。
意群訓(xùn)練：Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuves blindness to the real nature of great writing , found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments ,and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.
54. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
各種有意義的聯(lián)系在所有的層次上，自抽象的理性至深刻的夢(mèng)幻般的情感，層出不窮并不斷重新組合排列;正是這些有意義的聯(lián)系的豐富性和復(fù)雜性，致使普魯斯特難于將它們錯(cuò)落有致地安排好。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語、抽象詞
解釋：請(qǐng)?jiān)徆P者在此所做中文翻譯的艱澀難懂，為了讓讀者能夠更好地理解句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，本書盡量把中文翻譯與英文原文的語序相對(duì)應(yīng)，而且盡可能的不用意譯。為了達(dá)到這個(gè)目的，可以說絞盡腦汁，但本句之難懂也全非筆者之故，原文作者使用了大量的抽象詞。本句仍然來自于上面說過的這篇關(guān)于普魯斯特的文章。句中的主語是The very richness and complexity,其后的修飾成分長(zhǎng)達(dá)三行，of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings,其中還夾雜著插入語，有效地分開了主語和謂語。其實(shí)本句雖然結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復(fù)雜，但是不見得比前面的句子復(fù)雜得多，其真正的難點(diǎn)，還在于句子中大量的抽象詞的使用。由于筆者在附錄中所提到的原因，抽象詞可以嚴(yán)重地占據(jù)大腦資源，因此帶有大量的抽象詞的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子就更為難懂，比如本句就是一個(gè)很好的例子，復(fù)雜修飾與抽象詞狼狽為奸，句意另人難以理解。
意群訓(xùn)練：The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels，from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings， made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.
55. But those of who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolbs newly published complete edition of Prousts correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
但是我們當(dāng)中的那些希望K新出版的P1909年書信的全集能夠更加詳細(xì)的記錄下這一過程的人都大失所望。
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語
解釋：本句中從句套從句，致使主語those of us與謂語的距離很遠(yuǎn)，而且中間的成分又極多，使得句子很難讀懂。修飾主語those of us的定語從句who hoped之中又套了一個(gè)賓語從句，賓語從句的主語complete edition又被一前一后的兩個(gè)定語所修飾，之后才依次是賓語從句的謂語、賓語：主句的系動(dòng)詞、表語。
意群訓(xùn)練：But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolbs newly published complete edition of Prousts correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.
