考研英語閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo)之環(huán)境科學(xué)類
閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo) [環(huán)境科學(xué)類] 題目序號 題型歸類 第1題 中心主旨題型 第2題 指代詞題型 第3題 審題定位與中心主旨題型 第4題 類比題型 第5題 細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型 Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxiouspollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has beensteadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United Statesstill have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone that exceedlegally established limits. There is a growing realization that the onlyeffective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions short of amassive shift away from the private automobile is to replaceconventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such ascompressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol. All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules aresmaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanlythan gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds andthe hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustionof larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves a morecomplex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability ofincomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemicallyactive hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand,alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require thatvehicles have set of heavy fuel tanks a serious liabilityin terms of performance and fuel efficiency and liquefiedpetroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply. Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantagesover other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have higher energy content pervolume and would require minimal changes in the existing network fordistributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, butit is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which isone of its attractive features. Methanols most attractivefeature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicleemissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant. Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of thecriticism is based on the use of gasoline clone vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest designimprovements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, forexample, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of theenergy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fueltank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, sincemethanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than gasolineclone vehicles fueled with methanol they would need comparatively lessfuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements thatmethanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening ofurban air pollution. 1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with [A] countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solutionto a problem. [B] reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of aproblem. [C] identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem. [D] discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it. 2.According to the text, incomplete combustion is more likely tooccur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because [A] the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically activehydrocarbons. [B] the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set ofreactions. [C] gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure. [D] gasoline is composed of small molecules. 3.The text suggests which of the following about air pollution? [A] Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueledvehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels. [B] Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individualgasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely unsuccessful. [C] Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount ofpollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles. [D] Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the mostcritical source of urban air pollution. 4.Which of the following most closely parallels the situationdescribed in the first sentence of the text? [A] Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid atax increase, the towns tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area. [B] Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxicmaterial that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continuesto increase. [C] Although a towns citizens reduce their individual use of water, the towns watersupplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total populatingof the town. [D] Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domesticgoods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of importedgoods within the country continues to increase. 5.It can be inferred that the author of the text most likely regardsthe criticism of methanol as [A] flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based. [B] inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics arguments. [C] misguided because of its exclusively technological focus. [D] inaccurate because it ignores consumers concerns. [答案與考點(diǎn)解析] 1.【答案】C 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道中心主旨題。本文的中心主旨句是首段的尾句。通過對首段尾句以及其它段落主題句的閱讀和理解，可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是C。考生在破解此類題型時(shí)一定要首先抓住原文的中心主旨句以及各段的主題句。 2.【答案】B 【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道指代詞題型。根據(jù)題干中的incomplete combustion可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第二段的第四句，該句中的指代詞these暗示本題的具體答案信息來源應(yīng)該在第二段的第三句。通過閱讀和理解第二段的第三句可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是B。考生在解題時(shí)對指代詞一定要認(rèn)真理解。 3.【答案】A 【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道審題定位題型。通過題干中的air pollution可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第一段，因?yàn)榈谝欢问拙渲泻衝oxious pollutants，都在談污染的問題。通過閱讀和理解第一段，尤其是第一段尾句即全文的中心主旨句，可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是A。這是一道比較難的題。考生在解題時(shí)一定要具備審題定位能力，還要具備歸納和推導(dǎo)能力。 4.【答案】C 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道類比題型，因?yàn)楸绢}題干中含有parallels（與相當(dāng)，與一樣）一詞。本題題干已將類比的參照對象確定在第一段的首句。通過仔細(xì)閱讀和理解第一段的首句，可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是C，因?yàn)樵撨x項(xiàng)涉及的增減關(guān)系的前提條件和原文一脈相承。考生在破解這種題型時(shí)應(yīng)對原文所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與關(guān)系有明確的認(rèn)識(shí)和把握，不可以無根據(jù)地推導(dǎo)。 5.【答案】A 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型。本題題干中的the criticism of methanol把本題的答案信息來源確定在第四段的第一、二句。通過閱讀和理解這兩句話，尤其是第二句話，就可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)A。考生在破解本題時(shí)一定要注意第二句話的第一個(gè)詞Yet在語意上所起的作用。考生在解題時(shí)一定要重視啟承轉(zhuǎn)合詞的出現(xiàn)和功能。 [參考譯文] 近年來，盡管單個(gè)機(jī)動(dòng)車輛排放的有毒污染物已大幅減少，但這些機(jī)動(dòng)車輛的數(shù)量一直在持續(xù)增長，結(jié)果是，在美國有100多個(gè)城市的大氣中一氧化碳、灰塵和臭氧（由車輛尾氣中的碳?xì)浠衔锝?jīng)光化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生）的含量已超出了法定的限度。人們愈來愈認(rèn)識(shí)到，實(shí)現(xiàn)車輛廢氣進(jìn)一步減少而又不必大規(guī)模減少私家轎車的唯一有效途徑是用清潔燃料來代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的柴油和汽油燃料。這些清潔燃料包括壓縮天然氣、液化石油氣、乙醇和甲醇。 所有這些替代產(chǎn)品都是碳基燃料，不過它們的分子要比汽油的分子小且簡單。它們可以比汽油燃燒得更徹底，部分原因在于，即使它們含有碳碳化學(xué)鍵，含量也較少，而且它們釋放的碳?xì)浠衔镆膊淮罂赡墚a(chǎn)生臭氧。那些具有多重碳碳化學(xué)鍵的大分子在燃燒時(shí)包含了一系列復(fù)雜的反應(yīng)。這些反應(yīng)增大了不完全燃燒的可能，并且更容易釋放未燃燒的碳?xì)浠衔铮@些化合物又對光化學(xué)反應(yīng)很活躍。另一方面，這些替代燃料也有自己的缺點(diǎn)。壓縮天然氣可能需要車輛配備一個(gè)笨重的油箱，這對車輛性能和燃料效率又極為不利，并且液化石油氣還面臨著供應(yīng)上的根本限制。 從另一方面來看，甲醇和乙醇與其它的碳基替代燃料相比有重要的益處：它們具有單位體積更高的能量含量，而且對現(xiàn)存的燃料銷售網(wǎng)絡(luò)只需很小地改變。乙醇通常作為汽油的替代品，但目前它比甲醇要貴兩倍，因此甲醇的低廉價(jià)格便成為引人注目的特點(diǎn)。然而，甲醇最吸引人的特點(diǎn)還在于它可以減少90%形成臭氧的廢氣，而臭氧又是城市中最嚴(yán)重的污染物。 和其它的替代燃料一樣，甲醇也遭到了非難。可大多數(shù)批評都建立在使用汽油系列的車輛不進(jìn)行最簡單的設(shè)計(jì)改進(jìn)以可能使用甲醇燃料的基礎(chǔ)上。例如，事實(shí)上一定體積的甲醇和同體積的汽油和柴油相比，只能提供相當(dāng)于它們大約一半的能量。在其它因素相同的條件下，油箱可能要大一點(diǎn)和重一點(diǎn)，然而，由于甲醇燃料的車輛可以設(shè)計(jì)得比使用甲醇的汽油系列車輛還要高效，它們可能需要更少的燃料。同時(shí)，對發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行最簡單的改進(jìn)便可使用甲醇的車輛，這將對城市大氣污染的迅速減輕做出貢獻(xiàn)。
閱讀綜合輔導(dǎo) [環(huán)境科學(xué)類] 題目序號 題型歸類 第1題 中心主旨題型 第2題 指代詞題型 第3題 審題定位與中心主旨題型 第4題 類比題型 第5題 細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型 Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxiouspollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has beensteadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United Statesstill have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone that exceedlegally established limits. There is a growing realization that the onlyeffective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions short of amassive shift away from the private automobile is to replaceconventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such ascompressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol. All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules aresmaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanlythan gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds andthe hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustionof larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds involves a morecomplex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability ofincomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemicallyactive hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand,alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require thatvehicles have set of heavy fuel tanks a serious liabilityin terms of performance and fuel efficiency and liquefiedpetroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply. Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantagesover other carbon-based alternative fuels: they have higher energy content pervolume and would require minimal changes in the existing network fordistributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, butit is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which isone of its attractive features. Methanols most attractivefeature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicleemissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant. Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of thecriticism is based on the use of gasoline clone vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest designimprovements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, forexample, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of theenergy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fueltank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, sincemethanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than gasolineclone vehicles fueled with methanol they would need comparatively lessfuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements thatmethanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening ofurban air pollution. 1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with [A] countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solutionto a problem. [B] reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of aproblem. [C] identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem. [D] discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it. 2.According to the text, incomplete combustion is more likely tooccur with gasoline than with an alternative fuel because [A] the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically activehydrocarbons. [B] the combustion of gasoline embraces an intricate set ofreactions. [C] gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure. [D] gasoline is composed of small molecules. 3.The text suggests which of the following about air pollution? [A] Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueledvehicles will not help lower urban air-pollution levels. [B] Attempts to reduce the pollutants that an individualgasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely unsuccessful. [C] Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount ofpollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles. [D] Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the mostcritical source of urban air pollution. 4.Which of the following most closely parallels the situationdescribed in the first sentence of the text? [A] Although a town reduces its public services in order to avoid atax increase, the towns tax rate exceeds that of other towns in the surrounding area. [B] Although a state passes strict laws to limit the type of toxicmaterial that can be disposed of in public landfills, illegal dumping continuesto increase. [C] Although a towns citizens reduce their individual use of water, the towns watersupplies continue to dwindle because of a steady increase in the total populatingof the town. [D] Although a country attempts to increase the sale of domesticgoods by adding a tax to the price of imported goods, the sale of importedgoods within the country continues to increase. 5.It can be inferred that the author of the text most likely regardsthe criticism of methanol as [A] flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based. [B] inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics arguments. [C] misguided because of its exclusively technological focus. [D] inaccurate because it ignores consumers concerns. [答案與考點(diǎn)解析] 1.【答案】C 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道中心主旨題。本文的中心主旨句是首段的尾句。通過對首段尾句以及其它段落主題句的閱讀和理解，可以推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是C。考生在破解此類題型時(shí)一定要首先抓住原文的中心主旨句以及各段的主題句。 2.【答案】B 【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道指代詞題型。根據(jù)題干中的incomplete combustion可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第二段的第四句，該句中的指代詞these暗示本題的具體答案信息來源應(yīng)該在第二段的第三句。通過閱讀和理解第二段的第三句可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是B。考生在解題時(shí)對指代詞一定要認(rèn)真理解。 3.【答案】A 【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道審題定位題型。通過題干中的air pollution可將本題的答案信息來源迅速確定在第一段，因?yàn)榈谝欢问拙渲泻衝oxious pollutants，都在談污染的問題。通過閱讀和理解第一段，尤其是第一段尾句即全文的中心主旨句，可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是A。這是一道比較難的題。考生在解題時(shí)一定要具備審題定位能力，還要具備歸納和推導(dǎo)能力。 4.【答案】C 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道類比題型，因?yàn)楸绢}題干中含有parallels（與相當(dāng)，與一樣）一詞。本題題干已將類比的參照對象確定在第一段的首句。通過仔細(xì)閱讀和理解第一段的首句，可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是C，因?yàn)樵撨x項(xiàng)涉及的增減關(guān)系的前提條件和原文一脈相承。考生在破解這種題型時(shí)應(yīng)對原文所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容與關(guān)系有明確的認(rèn)識(shí)和把握，不可以無根據(jù)地推導(dǎo)。 5.【答案】A 【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題型。本題題干中的the criticism of methanol把本題的答案信息來源確定在第四段的第一、二句。通過閱讀和理解這兩句話，尤其是第二句話，就可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)A。考生在破解本題時(shí)一定要注意第二句話的第一個(gè)詞Yet在語意上所起的作用。考生在解題時(shí)一定要重視啟承轉(zhuǎn)合詞的出現(xiàn)和功能。 [參考譯文] 近年來，盡管單個(gè)機(jī)動(dòng)車輛排放的有毒污染物已大幅減少，但這些機(jī)動(dòng)車輛的數(shù)量一直在持續(xù)增長，結(jié)果是，在美國有100多個(gè)城市的大氣中一氧化碳、灰塵和臭氧（由車輛尾氣中的碳?xì)浠衔锝?jīng)光化反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生）的含量已超出了法定的限度。人們愈來愈認(rèn)識(shí)到，實(shí)現(xiàn)車輛廢氣進(jìn)一步減少而又不必大規(guī)模減少私家轎車的唯一有效途徑是用清潔燃料來代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的柴油和汽油燃料。這些清潔燃料包括壓縮天然氣、液化石油氣、乙醇和甲醇。 所有這些替代產(chǎn)品都是碳基燃料，不過它們的分子要比汽油的分子小且簡單。它們可以比汽油燃燒得更徹底，部分原因在于，即使它們含有碳碳化學(xué)鍵，含量也較少，而且它們釋放的碳?xì)浠衔镆膊淮罂赡墚a(chǎn)生臭氧。那些具有多重碳碳化學(xué)鍵的大分子在燃燒時(shí)包含了一系列復(fù)雜的反應(yīng)。這些反應(yīng)增大了不完全燃燒的可能，并且更容易釋放未燃燒的碳?xì)浠衔铮@些化合物又對光化學(xué)反應(yīng)很活躍。另一方面，這些替代燃料也有自己的缺點(diǎn)。壓縮天然氣可能需要車輛配備一個(gè)笨重的油箱，這對車輛性能和燃料效率又極為不利，并且液化石油氣還面臨著供應(yīng)上的根本限制。 從另一方面來看，甲醇和乙醇與其它的碳基替代燃料相比有重要的益處：它們具有單位體積更高的能量含量，而且對現(xiàn)存的燃料銷售網(wǎng)絡(luò)只需很小地改變。乙醇通常作為汽油的替代品，但目前它比甲醇要貴兩倍，因此甲醇的低廉價(jià)格便成為引人注目的特點(diǎn)。然而，甲醇最吸引人的特點(diǎn)還在于它可以減少90%形成臭氧的廢氣，而臭氧又是城市中最嚴(yán)重的污染物。 和其它的替代燃料一樣，甲醇也遭到了非難。可大多數(shù)批評都建立在使用汽油系列的車輛不進(jìn)行最簡單的設(shè)計(jì)改進(jìn)以可能使用甲醇燃料的基礎(chǔ)上。例如，事實(shí)上一定體積的甲醇和同體積的汽油和柴油相比，只能提供相當(dāng)于它們大約一半的能量。在其它因素相同的條件下，油箱可能要大一點(diǎn)和重一點(diǎn)，然而，由于甲醇燃料的車輛可以設(shè)計(jì)得比使用甲醇的汽油系列車輛還要高效，它們可能需要更少的燃料。同時(shí)，對發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行最簡單的改進(jìn)便可使用甲醇的車輛，這將對城市大氣污染的迅速減輕做出貢獻(xiàn)。
