2024屆高考英語一輪基礎語法專項訓練：專題八 《特殊句式》（人教版）

　　專題八　特殊句式

　　◆主謂一致的考查要點

　　1．就近一致原則

　　(1)由or，not only...but also...，neither...nor...，either...or...，whether...or...，not...but...等連接兩個或兩個以上的并列主語時，通常根據就近一致原則，謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數上保持一致。

　　Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.

　　(2)here/there引導一個句子而主語又不止一個時，通常根據就近原則，謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數上保持一致。

　　Here is a ruler，a few pencils and two copybooks.

　　2．意義一致原則

　　(1)謂語動詞必須用單數的情況

　　①表示學科的名詞以及works(工廠)，news(消息)等作主語時，雖然本身為復數形式，但表示單數意義時，謂語動詞仍用單數。

　　Politics is his favorite subject.

　　②表示某些組織機構的名詞、書/報名、國名、地名等作主語時，雖然形式上是復數，但所表示的意義是單數，所以謂語動詞用單數。

　　Do you know when the United Nations was set up?

　　(2)謂語動詞必須用復數的情況

　　表示總稱意義的名詞，如people，police，public，cattle等作主語時，謂語動詞用復數。

　　The police are searching for the murderer.

　　(3)謂語動詞的形式依據主語表示的意義而定

　　①集體名詞，如family，class，group，team，club，company，government，population等作主語時，謂語動詞

　　的形式根據其在語境中表示的意義而定。當其表示集體意義，強調整體概念時，謂語動詞用單數；當其表示集體中各個組成部分，強調個體概念時，謂語動詞用復數。

　　As far as I know，his family is not very large but the family are all music lovers.

　　②“the＋形容詞/分詞”表示“一類人”時，謂語動詞用復數。

　　The poor were looked down upon in the old days.

　　3．語法一致原則

　　(1)由and連接的兩個名詞作主語

　　①“a/the＋名詞單數＋and＋名詞單數”表示一個人(雙重身份)，謂語動詞用單數。

　　The teacher and poet often gives lectures around the city.

　　②“a/the＋名詞單數＋and＋a/the＋名詞單數”表示兩個人，謂語動詞用復數。

　　The teacher and the poet have just arrived.

　　③“every＋名詞單數＋and＋every＋名詞單數”表示每一個人，謂語動詞用單數。

　　Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education in our country.

　　④通常由兩個部件組成的物品如：a knife and fork (一副刀叉)等作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。

　　Bread and butter is not to his taste.

　　(2)表示時間、數量、長度及價格的名詞，盡管有時是復數形式但常被看作是一個整體，謂語動詞用單數形式。

　　Is fifty pounds enough?

　　(3)“分數/百分數＋of＋名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞的形式根據of后的名詞的形式來定，如果名詞是可數名詞復數，謂語動詞用復數形式；如果名詞是單數可數名詞或不可數名詞，謂語動詞用單數形式。

　　Two-thirds of the books are about science.

　　Only 30% of the work was done yesterday.

　　題組訓練1

　　用所給詞的適當形式填空

　　1．The writer and translator is(be) delivering a speech in our school now.

　　2．He or I am(be) to go.

　　3．Are(be) not only the students but also their teacher required to attend the meeting?

　　4．Ten years is(be) a moment in history.

　　5．A third of his compositions have(have) been corrected.

　　6．The unknown is(be) always something to be feared.

　　◆倒裝句的考查要點

　　1．全部倒裝

　　(1)在There be/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。

　　Look，there’s that bookshop I was telling you about.

　　(2)表示時間、地點和動作轉移的副詞如here，there，now，then，up，down，in，away，out等置于句首，主語是名詞而不是代詞時，用完全倒裝。此時，句子多用一般現在時或一般過去時。

　　There goes the phone.I’ll answer it.

　　(3)such作表語置于句首時。

　　Such was Albert Einstein，a simple man but the 20th century’s greatest scientist.

　　(4)直接引語的全部或部分位于句首時。

　　“If you die，who will get your money？” asked Holmes.

　　(5)表示地點的介詞短語位于句首時。

　　In the center of the square stands a monument.

　　(6)為平衡句子結構，或使上下文銜接緊密，而將作表語的介詞短語、形容詞、副詞或分詞提到句首，引起倒裝。

　　Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.

　　2．部分倒裝

　　在下列幾種情況下，只把助動詞、系動詞或情態動詞放在主語之前，構成部分倒裝。

　　(1)little，never，not，seldom，neither，nor，hardly，rarely，by no means，at no time，under no circumstances，in no case等表示否定意義的單詞或短語位于句首時。

　　Little does he care about what others think.

　　(2)在not...until...，no sooner...than...，scarcely/hardly...when...，not only...but also...，neither...nor...等句式中。

　　Neither does he drink nor smoke.

　　(3)當only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句位于句首時。

　　Only then did I find I had made a mistake.

　　(4)在so/such...that...從句中，當so＋形容詞/副詞或such＋名詞位于句首時。

　　So exhausted was she that she wanted to have a rest.

　　(5)當表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個人或事物時，常用“so/as＋be動詞/助動詞/情態動詞＋主語”，表示“……也是……”。

　　Times have changed and so have I.

　　(6)當neither，nor位于句首，表示前面否定的內容也適用于另一個人或事物時，常用“neither/nor＋be動詞/助動詞/情態動詞＋主語”，表示“……也不……”。

　　They couldn’t understand it at that time，and nor could we.

　　(7)省略if的虛擬條件句，把助動詞were，had，should提到主語前面。

　　Had it not been for your help，we shouldn’t have achieved so much.

　　(8)as和though引導的讓步狀語從句。

　　Try as she might，Sue couldn’t get the door open.

　　(9)“may＋動詞原形”表示祝愿，通常把may置于句首，構成倒裝語序。

　　May you succeed!

　　題組訓練2

　　1．Successful as he is (他雖然成功)(as)，he is not proud.

　　2．Only when he reached the teahouse did he realize(他才意識到) it was the same place he’d been in last year.

　　3．—It’s nice.Never before have I had such a special drink(我以前從沒喝過這么特別的飲料)!

　　—I’m glad you like it.

　　4．Up jumped the cat(貓跳起來) and caught the mouse.

　　5．Not until he finished his work did he go home(他才回家)．

　　◆強調句的考查要點

　　1．使用助動詞do，does和did對謂語動詞進行強調。

　　First impressions really do count.

　　2．運用強調句型來強調除謂語動詞以外的其他句子成分。

　　強調句型的基本句型結構為：It is/was＋被強調部分＋that/who＋其他成分。可用來強調句子的主語、賓語、狀語、表語、同位語等成分。在復習強調句型時，要注意以下幾個方面：

　　(1)強調句型中的主謂一致

　　在強調句型中，當對陳述句中的主語進行強調時，無論被強調的主語是單數還是復數，主句中的謂語動詞都要用單數形式It is/was...，同時，that從句中的謂語動詞要與被強調的主語在人稱和數方面保持一致。

　　It is my parents that/who often help me get out of trouble.

　　(2)當對地點狀語、時間狀語或其他狀語從句進行強調時，只能用連接詞that，而不能用where，when，why或how等。

　　It was on August 8,2008 that the 29th Summer Olympic Games were opened in Beijing.

　　(3)強調句型的疑問句

　　在強調句中，無論被強調部分是什么句子成分，變為一般疑問句時，都須將主句改為疑問語序，即將“It is/was＋被強調部分＋that＋其他成分”改為“Is/Was it＋被強調部分＋that＋其他成分？”或“疑問詞＋is/was it that＋其他成分？”結構。

　　Was it her failing her exam that made her parents unhappy?

　　When was it that she changed her mind?

　　(4)在對not...until...結構中的until時間狀語或時間狀語從句進行強調時，要將句中的not移至until之前，構成：It is/was not until...that...。注意that從句中的謂語動詞要變成肯定形式，而且不再采用倒裝語序。

　　I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.＝It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.

　　題組訓練3

　　1．Was it on a lonely island that(是在一個荒涼的島上) he was saved one month after the boat went down?

　　2．It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do that(不是我們做了多少，而是我們對所做的事情注入了多少愛) benefits our work most.

　　3．—Have you seen the film Under the Hawthorn Tree?

　　—Of course，I have.It was in our village that it was made(這部電影是在我們村里制作出來的)．

　　4．If you have a job，do devote yourself to it(務必全身心地投入到工作中) and finally you’ll succeed.

　　5．It’s not what we do once in a while that(不是我們偶爾做的事情) shapes our lives，but what we do consistently.

　　◆省略句的考查要點

　　1．狀語從句中的省略

　　由when，while，if，as if，although/though，as，until，once，whether，unless，where等引導的狀語從句中，如果其謂語動詞為be，而主語與主句的主語相同時，則從句的主語和be可省略；或從句的主語為it，謂語動詞為be時，也可省略從句中的it和be。

　　When (I am) in trouble，I always turn to my classmates for help.

　　If (it is) possible，this machine can be fixed at once.

　　2．不定式的省略

　　單獨使用不定式符號to代替不定式后被省略的動詞，常用在be afraid，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，try，want，wish等詞后；或放在表情緒的詞后，代替被省略的動詞，常見詞有：glad，happy，pleased等；但是，如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，則要保留be，have，have been。

　　—Will you please look after my house when I’m away?

　　—I’m glad to.

　　—Are you a sailor?

　　—No.But I used to be.

　　Your work hasn’t been handed in，but it ought to have been.

　　3．常考的幾個省略形式

　　if ever，if any，if not better/worse/taller...than等。

　　4．并列句中的省略

　　并列句中的兩個對等句里的動詞相同時，后者的動詞可以省略。

　　He is going to Hong Kong，but his brother (is going) to America.

　　My room is on the third floor and his，on the fifth.

　　題組訓練4

　　1．Jane won’t join us for dinner tonight and Tom won’t either(湯姆也不想加入)．

　　2．It sounds like something is wrong with the car’s engine.If so(如果這樣的話)，we’d better take it to the garage immediately.

　　3．What a strange plant (多么奇怪的植物啊)! I’ve never seen it before.

　　4．While walking along the street(當沿著大街走的時候)，I heard my name called.

　　5．I asked him to see the film，but he didn’t want to(他不想去)．

　　◆注意事項

　　1．如果由特殊疑問詞引導的強調結構在句中作賓語從句時，從句必須使用陳述語序，不可用疑問語序。

　　He asked me who it was that took his umbrella by mistake.

　　2．強調句型結構中的反意疑問句式。

　　在強調句型結構中，其反意疑問句的主語及助動詞必須與主句It is/was...保持一致。

　　It is Mary not you who wants to ask me about that matter，isn’t it?

　　3．強調句型結構與定語從句的混合使用。

　　在高考試題中，為了增加試題的難度，命題人常將強調句型與定語從句混合起來，使句子結構更加復雜。我們要注意從語法角度來分析句子，理清結構“強調句型與定語從句”。

　　It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.

　　4．強調句型與時間狀語從句的辨析。

　　當用強調句型強調時間狀語時，去掉“it is/was”和連詞“that”，原句仍然完整；而在時間狀語從句中，若去掉“it is/was”和連詞“when/before”，原句不完整。

　　It was at 14∶28 that the terrible earthquake broke out.(強調句型)

　　It was 14∶28 when the terrible earthquake broke out.(狀語從句)

　　◆語法與寫作

　　根據提示翻譯下面的句子

　　1．只有這種方式他們才能長大獨立，變得真正成功。(使用only放句首引起的倒裝句)(2024·福建·書面表達)

　　Only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.

　　2．只有到那時我才意識到話語有積極和消極的力量。(使用not until放句首引起的倒裝句)(2024·湖北·短文寫作)

　　Not until then did I realize words could be powerful in both positive and negative ways.

　　3．如果你需要更多的信息，務必也讓我知道。(do放在祈使句前表強調)(2024·新課標全國Ⅱ·書面表達)

　　Also，do let me know if you need further information.

　　4．它不僅讓我們接近自然，讓我們從繁重的學業中得到放松，同樣還促進了我們之間的友誼。(not only放句首引起的倒裝句)(2024·江西·書面表達)

　　Not only did it get us close to nature and give us relaxation from heavy schoolwork，it also promoted the friendship among us.

　　5．兒子，穿得很好，在中間自豪地揮舞著……(使用省略句)(2024·福建·書面表達)

　　The son，well dressed，waves proudly in the middle...

　　◆語法填空

　　A

　　An old man who lived in a small street in the city of Mumbai had to put up 1.with the nuisance(煩心事) of having boys play cricket outside his house at night.

　　One evening when the boys were 2.particularly (particular) noisy he went out to talk to them.He explained that he was happiest 3.when he could see or hear boys playing his favourite game，cricket.He said he would give them 25 rupees(盧比) each week to play in the street at night.