高考英語語法精品講練：第七章動詞的過去分詞形式
高中英語語法精講第七章動詞的過去分詞形式
動詞的-ed形式也是非謂語動詞的一種，它具有動詞的一些特點，同時也具有形容詞、副詞的句法功能，在句中可用作表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語等。
一、動詞的-ed形式的特征
A．動詞的-ed形式是由動詞的過去分詞構成
動詞的-ed形式只有一種形式，即傳統語法中的過去分詞。絕大部分的動詞的-ed形式由動詞原形加-ed構成，也有一些動詞的-ed形式是不規則的。
1． 規則動詞的-ed形式
limit →limited（限制）
pretend →pretended（假裝）
escape →escaped（逃脫）
provide →provided（提供）
refer →referred（提交）
drag →dragged（拖）
pray →prayed（祈禱）
supply →supplied（供應）
2．不規則動詞的-ed形式
cast →cast（投擲）
spread →spread（傳播）
bite →bitten（咬）
forgive →forgiven（原諒）
spit →spat（ 吐）
wear →worn（穿）
fight →fought（搏斗）
lose →lost（丟失）
3．少數動詞的-ed形式作定語時，讀音與一般過去分詞不同
learned a learned professor 一位知識淵博的教授
aged an aged man
老人
beloved his beloved computer 他心愛的計算機
B．動詞的-ed形式的否定形式
動詞的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加動詞的-ed形式構成。
Not allowed to go in, he had to wait outside. 不允許他進去，他只好在外面等著。
Never invited to his party, she got angry with him. 從未被邀請過去他的聚會，她很生氣。 C．動詞的-ed形式的特征
動詞的-ed形式有被動的意思，有時也可表示完成的動作。
1．動詞的-ed形式表示已完成的動作。
除了作形容詞用的-ed形式外，動詞的-ed形式可帶有完成的意義，有的同時也帶有被動的意義。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology. 由于在農村出生并長大，他對生物很感興趣。
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人發現其中一個杯子破了。
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people. 魯迅寫的這些書，受到了許多中國人的喜愛。
2．及物動詞的-ed形式一般表示被動的意思。
Given more time, I could have solved that riddle. 要是有充足的時間，我就能猜出那個謎語。（句子的主語I 和動詞give之間是被動關系。）
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. 你說英語的時候，一定要讓人懂得你的意思。（動詞make的賓語yourself和賓語補足語understand之間是被動關系。）
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study. 在軍隊獲得的經驗對我們的學習很有幫助。
3．不及物動詞的-ed形式只表示完成的意思，并不帶有被動的含義。
an escaped prisoner 逃犯 （= a prisoner who has escaped）
a retired worker 退休工人 （= a worker who has retired）
a newly arrived guest 新來的客人 （= a guest who has just arrived）
We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries from time to time.我們應該不時地從發達國家引進先進技術。
People should pay attention to the changed situation. 人們應該注意到變化了的形勢。
二、動詞的-ed形式的用法
動詞的-ed形式在句中主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，可以作定語、表語、狀語和補語。
A．動詞的-ed形式作表語
1．-ed形式在連系動詞后作表語，說明主語的狀態。
The students are fully prepared. 學生們已做好了充分的準備。
When we got there, the shop was closed. 我們到那兒時，商店已經關門了。
She felt satisfied with her performance on the high-and-low bars. 她對自己在高低杠上的表現感到很滿意。
The land remained unexploited. 這片土地尚未開發。
Hearing the news, he looked disappointed.
聽到這個消息，他看起來非常失望。
The top of the mountain is covered with snow all through the year. 山頂上終年積雪覆蓋。
比較：
要把-ed形式作表語和被動語態區別開來。作表語的-ed形式表示狀態，被動語態中的-ed形式表示被動動作。
All the doors are locked. 所有的門都是鎖著的。（-ed形式作表語，表示狀態）
All the doors were locked by the guard. 所有的門都被衛兵鎖上了。（被動語態，表示動作）
Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在這里。（-ed形式作表語，表示狀態
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725. 彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在這里。（被動語態，表示動作）
2．同一動詞的-ed形式與-ing形式作表語時的區別。
動詞的-ed形式作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態，含有被動的意思，而-ing形式作
表語多表示主語具有的特征，含有主動的意思。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved. 看到這么動人的情景，所有在場的人都感動了。
提示：
上述動詞的-ed形式，有的（如pleased, tired, excited, disappointed等）已經變成形容詞，可以被very, too等副詞修飾。有的（如amused, puzzled, relaxed等）還不能被very, too修飾，只能被much修飾。
These problems are very puzzling.
這些問題很令人迷惑。
We are much puzzled by his failure to reply.
他不給我們回信使我們百思不得其解。
His speech was very moving.
他的演講非常感人。
All the people present were moved to tears.
在場的所有人都被感動得流淚了。 B．動詞的-ed形式作賓語補足語
當作賓語補足語的動詞和前面的賓語之間是被動關系時，一般應用動詞的-ed形式作賓語的補足語。
1．在感覺動詞see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find后作賓語補足語。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.
昨晚我聽了第九交響樂的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted.
我們發現所有的河流都被嚴重污染了。
Yesterday I noticed a little girl caught stealing in the shop. 昨天我在商店里注意到一個小女孩偷東西被抓住了。
He felt his collar pulled by someone from behind. 他感覺到衣領被人從后面拉了一下。
2．在使役動詞get, have, make, leave, keep等后作賓語補足語。
動詞的-ed形式作get的賓語補足語。
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多麗絲在醫院把壞牙拔了。
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come. 我得先把盤子洗了，然后就來。
比較：
動詞get后也可接動詞不定式或動詞的-ing形式作賓語補足語，和賓語是主動關系。
I couldn’ get the car to start this morning. 今早我無法把汽車發動起來。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him! 讓他說話不難，難的是說開了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能讓那輛舊鐘再走起來嗎？
動詞的-ed形式作make的賓語補足語。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓門為了使別人聽清他的講話。
You should make your views known to the public. 你應該讓公眾知道你的觀點。
注意：
動詞make后的賓語補足語可用不帶to的動詞不定式或動詞的-ed形式，但不可用動詞的-ing形式。
【誤】Can you make the students understanding the text
【正】Can you make the students understand the text 你能讓學生理解這篇課文嗎？
【正】Can you make the text understood by the students 你能讓學生理解這篇課文嗎？
動詞的-ed形式作keep或leave的賓語補足語。
They all went home, leaving all the work undone. 所有的工作都沒完成，他們就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night. 偵探和他的助手把自己整夜反鎖在房間里。
3．動詞的-ed形式也可用在with（without）結構中，作介詞的賓語補足語。
With everything well arranged, he left the office. 一切都安排妥善之后，他離開了辦公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books. 她已經回來了，背包里塞滿了有趣的圖書。
Without any grain left in the house, the little girl had to go begging. 家里沒有糧食，小女孩只好出去討飯。
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks. 如果不再給我們任何時間的話，我們三星期之內完成不了任務。
4．某些動詞后（如want, need, prefer, would like等），作賓語補足語的不定式被動形式省略“to be”，就成了-ed形式作賓語補足語。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately. 我希望這事立即得到解決。
I'd prefer this book translated by my sister. 我情愿讓我妹妹來翻譯這本書。
We need the work (to be) finished by Saturday. 我們需要這項工作周六之前完成。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on. 農民們不想讓好好的農田被用來建造房子。 C．動詞的-ed形式作定語
動詞的-ed形式作定語修飾名詞分為前置和后置兩類。
1．前置定語
單個的動詞的-ed形式作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前，作前置定語。
A watched pot never boils. 心急鍋不開。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired. 所有的壞門窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper. 我們到達的時候，每人被發給了一份印制好的試卷。
提示：
如要表示強調，單個動詞-ed形式也可作后置定語。
Money spent is more than money earned.
入不敷出。
2．后置定語
作后置定語的-ed形式一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分，在語法上相當于一個定語從句。
We have read many novels written by this author. 我們讀過這個作家寫的許多小說。（= that are written by this author）
Half of the honored guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors. 被邀請到招待會上的貴賓有一半都是外國大使。（= who had been invited to the reception）
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. 這次會議獲得很大的成功，共有一千名學生出席了。(= which was attended by one thousand students)
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge. 一個律師裝扮的女人走了進來，并作為法官就座。(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
3．動詞的-ed形式作定語和-ing形式作定語的區別
動詞的-ed形式作定語表示動作已完成或和被動，而-ing形式作定語表示動作正在進行或和主動。
the risen sun 升起了的太陽
the rising sun
正在升起的太陽
boiled water
開水
boiling water
正沸騰的水
developed countries 發達國家
developing countries 發展中國家
fallen leaves
落葉
falling leaves
正在飄落的葉子
changed condition 改變了的情況
changing condition 變化著的情況
動詞的-ed形式作狀語和-ing形式作狀語一樣，也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、
方式或伴隨情況等。
1．表示時間
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示時間，相當于一個時間狀語從句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful. 從塔上往下看，城市顯得很美麗。（= When the city is seen from the tower...）
Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 帶我們參觀了實驗室之后，又帶我們參觀了圖書館。（= After we had been shown the lab...）
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away. 經過醫生徹底檢查以后，他立刻回到了學校。(= After he was completely examined...)
提示：
有時動詞的-ed形式前可加連詞when或while來強調時間概念。
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame. 當被問到為什么上課又遲到時，她羞愧地低下了頭。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work. 一恢復健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.一旦給這鐘上了發條，它就會走半個月，并且走得很準。
2. 表示原因
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示原因，相當于一個原因狀語從句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying. 孩子們被英雄事跡感動，情不自禁地哭了起來。（= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...）
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read. 因為寫得快，她的信很難閱讀。（=As it was written in haste ...）
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate. 我們因為新發現而激動萬分，決定出去慶祝一下。(Because we were excited by...)
注意：
為了使-ed形式表示的條件、動詞讓步意義更加明顯，我們可以加上適當的連詞。
Even if invited, I won't go.
即使受到邀請，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart. 雖然被對手打敗，便他們并沒有喪失信心。
Unless invited, he will not come back to the company.
除非被邀請，不然他不會回到公司來的。
3. 表示條件
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示條件，相當于一個條件狀語從句。
Heated, water changes into steam. 加熱，水就能變成蒸汽。（= If water is heated...）
Given more time, he would be able to do better. 假如多給一些時間，他會干得更出色。（= If he was given more time ...）
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 與其他教授相比，她是一個優秀的演說家。
4. 表示讓步
動詞的-ed形式作狀語表示讓步，相當于一個thoughalthough引導的讓步狀語從句。
